’ Aminoff s Neurology and General Medicine This pageintentionallyleftblank ’ Aminoff s Neurology and General Medicine SIXTH EDITION Michael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc, FRCP Distinguished Professor, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California S. Andrew Josephson, MD C. Castro Franceschi and G.K. Mitchell Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2021, 2014, 2008, 2001, 1995, 1989 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-819306-8 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Nikki Levy Acquisitions Editor: Melanie Tucker Editorial Project Manager: Tracy I. Tufaga Production Project Manager: Kiruthika Govindaraju Cover Designer: Miles Hitchen Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India To the memory of Abraham S. Aminoff, my father and friend, and to my wife, Jan, and our three children, Alexandra, Jonathan, and Anthony for the happiness they have brought me Michael J. Aminoff To my loving and supportive family, who always provides such happiness and joy S. Andrew Josephson This page intentionallyleftblank Contributors GARY M. ABRAMS, MD Chapter 58: Movement Disorders Associated With Professor, Department of Neurology, Weill General Medical Diseases Institute for Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Chapter 60: Neuromuscular Complications of General University of California, San Francisco, California Medical Disorders Chapter 20: Sex Hormone, Pituitary, Parathyroid, and Chapter 63: Care at the End of Life Adrenal Disorders and the Nervous System AMIT BATLA, MD, DM GREGORY W. ALBERS, MD Consultant Neurologist, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, England; Professor, Department of Neurology and Honorary Consultant Neurologist, National Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen of Medicine, Stanford, California Square, London, England Chapter 11: Stroke as a Complication of General Medical Disorders Chapter 29: Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction and the Nervous System MATTHEW R. AMANS, MD, MSc JOHN P. BETJEMANN, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology and Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, School of University of California, San Francisco, California Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Chapter 53: Neurologic Complications of Imaging California Procedures Chapter 54: Preoperative and Postoperative Care of Patients With Neurologic Disorders MICHAEL J. AMINOFF, MD, DSc Distinguished Professor, Department of Neurology, MICHAEL CAMILLERI, MD Weill Institute for Neurosciences, School of Professor, Division of Gastroenterology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic California College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota Chapter 8: Dysautonomia, Postural Hypotension, and Chapter 14: Disturbances of Gastrointestinal Motility Syncope and the Nervous System Chapter 16: Neurologic Dysfunction and Kidney Disease ROBERT CHEN, MA, MBBChir, MSc Chapter 30: Sexual Dysfunction in Patients With Professor, Division of Neurology, Department of Neurologic Disorders Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Chapter 31: Pregnancy and Disorders of the Nervous Canada; Senior Scientist, Krembil Brain Institute, System Toronto, Ontario, Canada Chapter 35: Neurotoxin Exposure in the Workplace Chapter 1: Breathing and the Nervous System viii CONTRIBUTORS CHADWICK W. CHRISTINE, MD CHRISTINE FOX, MD, MAS Professor, Department of Neurology, Weill Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, School of University of California, San Francisco, California Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Chapter 58: Movement Disorders Associated With California General Medical Diseases Chapter4:NeurologicComplicationsofCongenitalHeart DiseaseandCardiacSurgeryinChildren KYLE J. COLEMAN, MD Resident Physician, Department of Neurology, JOSEPH M. FURMAN, MD, PhD Indiana University School of Medicine, Professor, Departments of Otolaryngology and Indianapolis, Indiana Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Chapter 38: Acute Bacterial Infections of the Central Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Nervous System Chapter 23: Otoneurologic Manifestations of Otologic and Systemic Disease G.A.B. DAVIES-JONES, MD DOUGLAS J. GELB, MD, PhD Senior Lecturer in Medicine (retired), University Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, England of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Chapter 25: Neurologic Manifestations of Hematologic Michigan Disorders Chapter 36: Abnormalities of Thermal Regulation and LISA M. DEANGELIS, MD the Nervous System Professor, Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell DAVID J. GLADSTONE, MD, PhD Medical School, New York, New York Associate Professor, Division of Neurology, Chapter 28: Neurologic Complications of Chemotherapy Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Radiation Therapy Toronto, Ontario, Canada Chapter 5: Neurologic Manifestations of Acquired AMAR DHAND, MD, DPhil Cardiac Disease and Arrhythmias Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's SIMON M. GLYNN, MD Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Chapter 17: Neurologic Complications of Electrolyte University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Disturbances Michigan Chapter 57: Seizures and General Medical Disorders WILLIAM P. DILLON, MD Elizabeth A. Guillaumin Professor, Department of DOUGLAS S. GOODIN, MD Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Professor, Department of Neurology, Weill Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Neurosciences, School of Medicine, California University of California, San Francisco, Chapter 53: Neurologic Complications of Imaging California Procedures Chapter 2: Neurologic Complications of Aortic Disease and Surgery VANJA C. DOUGLAS, MD Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, BRENT P. GOODMAN, MD Weill Institute for Neurosciences, School of Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, California Scottsdale, Arizona Chapter 9: Neurologic Complications of Cardiac Arrest Chapter 15: Neurologic Manifestations of Nutritional Chapter 62: Dementia and Systemic Disease Disorders CONTRIBUTORS ix JOHN E. GREENLEE, MD of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Professor,DepartmentofNeurology,Universityof Boston, Massachusetts UtahSchoolofMedicine,SaltLakeCity,Utah Chapter 21: The Skin and Neurologic Disease Chapter 42: Nervous System Complications of Systemic SAROSH R. IRANI, BMBCh, MA, DPhil Viral Infections Associate Professor, Nuffield Department of ELAN GUTERMAN, MD Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Oxford, England Weill Institute for Neurosciences, School of Chapter 27: Paraneoplastic and Nonparaneoplastic Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Autoimmune Syndromes of the Nervous California System Chapter44:NeurologicComplicationsofTransplantation JASMIN JO, MD andImmunosuppressiveAgents AffiliateAssociateProfessor,Divisionof CATHRA HALABI, MD HematologyandOncology,DepartmentofInternal Medicine,BrodySchoolofMedicine,EastCarolina Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, University,Greenville,NorthCarolina Weill Institute for Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Chapter 26: Metastatic Disease and the Nervous System California Chapter 37: Concussion S. ANDREW JOSEPHSON, MD MARK HALLETT, MD, DM (Hon) C. Castro Franceschi and G. K. Mitchell Distinguished Professor, Department of Neurology, Chief, Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland California Chapter 34: Neurologic Complications of Recreational Chapter 52: Functional (Psychogenic) Neurologic Disorders Drugs Chapter44:NeurologicComplicationsofTransplantation JOHN J. HALPERIN, MD andImmunosuppressiveAgents Professor, Departments of Neurology and Chapter 54: Preoperative and Postoperative Care of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Patients With Neurologic Disorders Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Chapter 62: Dementia and Systemic Disease Pennsylvania THOMAS J. KALEY, MD Chapter 39: Spirochetal Infections of the Nervous Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, System Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, New York SHELBY HARRIS, PsyD Chapter 28: Neurologic Complications of Chemotherapy Associate Professor, Saul R. Korey Department of and Radiation Therapy Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, ANTHONY S. KIM, MD, MAS Bronx, New York Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Chapter 51: Neurologic Aspects of Sleep Medicine Weill Institute for Neurosciences, School of J. CLAUDE HEMPHILL, III, MD, MAS Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Professor, Department of Neurology, Weill California Institute for Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Chapter 7: Neurologic Complications of Hypertension University of California, San Francisco, California NERISSA U. KO, MD, MAS Chapter 61: Disorders of Consciousness in Systemic Professor, Department of Neurology, Weill Diseases Institute for Neurosciences, School of Medicine, OREST HURKO, MD University of California, San Francisco, California Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Public Chapter 10: Cardiac Manifestations of Acute Health and Community Medicine, Sackler School Neurologic Lesions