ANT6NIO TOMAS Amilcar Cabral L* The oJ a Reluctant l{ationalist s 1i HURST & COMPANY, LONDON First published in the United Kingdom in 2021by C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., S3Torbay Road, London NW6 7DT @ Ant6nioTom66, 2021 All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain by Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow The right ofAnt6nioTom6s to be identified as the author of this publication is asserted by hfun in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and PatentsAct, 1988. A Cataloguing-in-Publication data record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978 I 787381+45 This book is printed using paper from registered sustainable and managed sources. www. hurspublishers. com Photographs reproduced with the kind permission of DAC-Documentos Amilcar Cabral/Arquivo da FundaSo M6rio Soares. To -y beloved uncle, Aldemiro CONTENTS List oJ A*onyms and Abbreviatioas xl Inhoduction 1 1. Between Guinea and CapeVerde t7 2. TheYears in Lisbon 33 3. Engineer and Clandestine Militant 53 4. Shattering theWalls of Silence 77 5. A United Front 87 5. Modes of MakingWar 109 7. The Capely'erdean Question 127 8. A State Inside the Colony 135 9. Winning in PoliticsWithout Losing theWar 149 10. Towards Independence 169 1 1. The Killing of Cabral 187 Epilogue 203 Notes 215 Bibliogruphy 233 Index 243 vll CAPE VERDE ISLAN DS MAURITANIA @Maio I Praia Daka SENEGAL Brava GAMBI MALI GUINEA-BISSAU' BURKINA GUINEA FASO ERRA LEONE N COTE @,l- D'IVOIRE BER -r Atlantic Ocean 0_____100 km Guinea and CapeVerde =@ J J (, e0 q o TzU I' IU (9 \6f Etor [zl .o (/) :(!O Jo l co o o 'q i-r .o U ao o tq- i,, q |oou o!J \ UlE "o o o (0 ]- o (o o -(o a oq ( e) C, 6 i6o oE o e (oJ6 c6qaJ 'f o 5 E e b, i6 $ iE o o o ao Ec'I tlJ I (J, ot(oo, Uq o'Foxo6 ioci qqfDl ! lI, E z G b uaJ -ol ALJ o5 a o !0 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CBC Congressional Black Caucus CEI Casa dos Estudantes do Imp6rio CEL Conselho Executivo da Luta (PAIGC) CIMADE Comit6 inter-mouvements auprds des 6vacu6s CNCV Conselho Nacional de CapeVerde CONCP Conferdncia das Organizag6es Nacionalistas das Col6nias Portuguesas CSL Conselho Superior da Luta CUF Companhia Uniio Fabril FARP Forgas Armadas Revolucionirias do Povo (PAIGC) FLG Frente de Libertagio da Guin6 FLGC Frente de Libertagio da Guin6 e de CaboVerde FLING Frente de Libertagio Nacional da Guin6 FNLA Frente Nacional de LibertagSo de Angola FRELIMO Frente de LibertagSo de Mogambique FUL Frente Unida de Libertagio GNR Guarda Nacional Republicana GPRA Gouvernement provisoire de la R6publique al96rienne GRAE Governo da Repriblica de Angola no Exilio ILO International Labour Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union MAC Movimento Anti - Colonialista MFA Movimento das Forgas Armadas MLG Movimento de LibertaEio da Guin6 MLGCV Movimento de LibertagSo da Guin6 e CaboVerde xl LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS MPD Movimento para a Democracia MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertaglo de Angola NAACP National Association for t}e Advancement of Colored People NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OSPAAAL Organizagio de Solidariedade dos Povos de Af.i"u, Asia e Am6rica Latina OAU Organization of African Unity PAI (Guinea and Partido Africano da Independ6ncia CapeVerde) PAI (Senegal) Parti Africain de I'Ind6pendance PAICV Partido Africano para a Independ6ncia de Cabo Verde PAIGC Partido Africano para a Independ6ncia da Guin6 e CaboVerde PCP Partido Comunista Portugu6s PDG Parti D6mocratique de la Guin6e PIDE/DGS Policia Internacional da Defesa do Estado/ Direcgio Geral de Seguranga PSP Policia de Seguranga Priblica RDG Rassemblement D6mocratique de la Guin6e UDC Uniio Democritica de CaboVerde UDENAMO Unilo Democr6tica Nacional de Mogambique UN United Nations UPA Uniio dos Povos de Angola UPG Uniio dos Povos da Guin6 UPICV Uni6o dos Povos para a Independ6ncia de Cabo Verde xll