G OA M S l E o b I C a NM C O l N R H D e s E E E e T D a r L I c R T h E I C O N RI H C O R A S S O ’ U S R D O “ I V S W S K M A Y ” R America’s “War on Terrorism” Michel Chossudovsky “Material this provocative and well researched must not be ignored.” Scott Loughrey,The Baltimore Chronicle “Chossudovsky’s book presents its readers with a harsh reality:ter- rorism is a tool used to maintain and expand the growth of cor- porate capitalism,led by the U.S.dollar and backed by U.S.military might.His book is one ofthose ‘connect-the-dots’works that should be required reading,especially for media-misled,history-starved Americans.”Kellia Ramares,Online Journal “Canadian professor ofeconomics Michel Chossudovsky contains that rare gift of a writer who can compile massive documentary evidence,then propound it in a succinct,lucid manner.His book cuts through the morass of Bush verbiage,daring readers to examine the pure,unvarnished truth ofa nation using its military and intel- America’s ligence capabilities to control the global oil market on the pretext of making the world a safer place.”William Hare,Amazon.com “War on Terrorism” “Chossudovsky has written an alarming book that ought to serve Second Edition as a wakeup call for every citizen of the world.In a very straight- forward manner, Chossudovsky uncovers the truth behind America’s covert intelligence operations,international economic interests,and goals of US foreign policy.”Anthony Lafratta, Chapters-Indigo. Global Research To the Memory ofAndré Gunder Frank America’s “War on Terrorism”,by Michel Chossudovsky — Second Edition. © Michel Chossudovsky,2005.All rights reserved – Global Research, Center for Research on Globalization (CRG). No part ofthis book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission ofthe publisher. Global Research is a division ofthe Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), 101 Cardinal-Léger Blvd,P.O.Box 51004,Pincourt,Québec,J7V 9T3,Canada. For more information,contact the publisher at the above address or by email at our website at www.globalresearch.ca. SECOND EDITION Cover Photo © Pavel Filatov/Alamy Cover Graphics by Nicolas Calvé,© Global Research 2005 Printed and bound in Canada. Printed on acid free paper. ISBN 0-9737147-1-9 (paperback) Library and Archives CanadaCataloguing in Publication Chossudovsky,Michel America’s “War on Terrorism”/ Michel Chossudovsky.– 2nd ed. Previously published under the title: War and Globalisation:The Truth behind September 11. Includes index. ISBN 0-9737147-1-9 1.September 11Terrorist Attacks,2001.2.War on Terrorism,2001- .3.United States—Politics and government—1993- .4.United States—Military policy. United States—Foreign relations—1989- .I.Title. HV6431.C46 2005 973.931 C2005-904499-3 Also by Michel Chossudovsky The Globalization ofPoverty and the New World Order Table of Contents Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi Part I September 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Chapter I Background:Behind September 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Appendix to Chapter I Where Was Osama Bin Ladenon 9/11? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Chapter II Who Is Osama Bin Laden? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Chapter III Washington Supports International Terrorism . . . . . . . . .38 Chapter IV Cover Up or Complicity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Part II War and Globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Chapter V War and the Hidden Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Chapter VI The Trans-Afghan Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Chapter VII America’s War Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 viii America’s “War on Terrorism” America’s “War on Terrorism” ix Chapter VIII Chapter XVII The American Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Foreknowledgeof9/11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Chapter IX Chapter XVIII Disarming the New World Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 On the Morning of9/11: What Happened on the Planes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Chapter X Political Deception:the Missing Link Behind 9/11 . . . . .135 Chapter XIX America’s PreemptiveWar Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Appendix to Chapter X Doctoring Official Transcripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Chapter XX The Post 9/11 Terror Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Part III The DisinformationCampaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Chapter XXI Big Brother:Towards the Homeland SecurityState . . . . .299 Chapter XI War Propaganda:Fabricating an Outside Enemy . . . . . .151 Chapter XXII The London 7/7 Bomb Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Chapter XII 9/11 and the Iran-ContraScandal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Appendix A Intelligence Based on Plagiarism: Chapter XIII the British “Intelligence”IraqDossier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 Providing a Face to the Enemy: By Glen Rangwala Who Is Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Appendix B Chapter XIV The Financial Interests Protecting Al QaedaFighters in the War Theater . . . . . . .198 behind the World Trade CenterLease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352 Appendix to Chapter XIV Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 The Deportation ofCivilians to the Guantanamo Concentration Camp . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 By Leuren Moret Part IV The New World Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 Chapter XV War Criminalsin High Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Chapter XVI The Spoils ofWar: Afghanistan’s Multibillion-Dollar HeroinTrade . . . . . . .224 Preface to the Second Edition At eleven o’clock, on the morning of September 11, the Bush adminstration had already announced that Al Qaedawas respon- sible for the attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) and the Pentagon.This assertion was made prior to the conduct of an indepth police investigation. That same evening at 9:30 pm,a “War Cabinet”was formed integrated by a select number oftop intelligence and military advi- sors.And at 11:00 pm,at the end of that historic meeting at the White House,the “War on Terrorism”was officially launched. The decision was announced to wage war against the Taliban and Al Qaeda in retribution for the 9/11 attacks.The following morning on September 12th,the news headlines indelibly pointed to “state sponsorship”ofthe 9/11 attacks.In chorus,the US media was calling for a military intervention against Afghanistan. Barely four weeks later,on the 7thofOctober,Afghanistanwas bombed and invaded by US troops.Americans were led to believe that the decison to go to war had been taken on the spur of the moment,on the evening ofSeptember 11,in response to the attacks and their tragic consequences. xii America’s “War on Terrorism” Preface xiii Little did the public realize that a large scale theater war is never mention the repeal ofcivil libertiesand constitutional government planned and executed in a matter ofweeks.The decision to launch in America. a war and send troops to Afghanistan had been taken well in Without an “outside enemy”,there could be no “war on ter- advance of9/11.The “terrorist,massive,casualty-producing event” rorism”.The entire national security agenda would collapse “like as it was later described by CentCom Commander General Tommy a deck of cards”.The war criminals in high office would have Franks,served to galvanize public opinion in support of a war no leg to stand on. agenda which was already in its final planning stage. It was consequently crucial for the development of a coherent The tragic events of9/11 provided the required justification to antiwarand civil rightsmovement,to reveal the nature ofAl Qaeda wage a war on “humanitarian grounds”,with the full support of and its evolving relationship to successive US administrations. World public opinion and the endorsement of the “international Amply documented but rarely mentioned by the mainstream community”. media,Al Qaedawas a creation ofthe CIAgoing back to the Soviet- Several prominent “progressive”intellectuals made a case for Afghan war.This was a known fact,corroborated by numerous “retaliation against terrorism”,on moral and ethical grounds.The sources including official documents ofthe US Congress.The intel- “just cause”military doctrine (jus ad bellum) was accepted and ligence community had time and again acknowledged that they upheld at face value as a legitimate response to 9/11,without exam- had indeed supported Osama bin Laden,but that in the wake ofthe ining the fact that Washington had not only supported the “Islamic Cold War:“he turned against us”. terror network”,it was also instrumental in the installation ofthe After 9/11,the campaign of media disinformation served not Talibangovernment in 1996. only to drown the truth but also to kill much ofthe historical evi- In the wake of9/11,the antiwarmovement was completely iso- dence on how this illusive “outside enemy”had been fabricated lated.The trade unions and civil societyorganizations had swal- and transformed into “Enemy Number One”. lowed the media lies and government propaganda. They had accepted a war of retribution against Afghanistan,an impover- The Balkans Connection ished country of30 million people. My research on the Balkans conducted since the mid-1990s enabled I started writing on the evening of September 11,late into the me to document numerous ties and connections between Al Qaeda night,going through piles of research notes,which I had previ- and the US Administration.The US military,the CIAand NATO ously collected on the history of Al Qaeda.My first text entitled had supported Al Qaeda in the Balkans.Washington’s objective “Who is Osama bin Laden?”,which was completed and first pub- was to trigger ethnic conflict and destablize the Yugoslav federation, lished on September the 12th.(See Chapter II.) first in Bosnia,then in Kosovo. From the very outset, I questioned the official story, which In 1997,the Republican Party Committee (RPC) of the US described nineteen Al Qaeda sponsored hijackers involved in a Senate released a detailed report which accused President Clinton highly sophisticated and organized operation.My first objective ofcollaborating with the “Islamic Militant Network”in Bosniaand was to reveal the true nature ofthis illusive “enemy ofAmerica”,who working hand in glove with an organization linked to Osama bin was “threatening the Homeland”. Laden.(See Chapter III.) The report,however,was not widely pub- The myth ofthe “outside enemy”and the threat of“Islamic ter- licized.Instead,the Republicans chose to discredit Clinton for his rorists”was the cornerstone of the Bush adminstration’s military liason with White Houseintern Monica Lewinsky. doctrine,used as a pretext to invade Afghanistanand Iraq,not to xiv America’s “War on Terrorism” Preface xv The Clinton Adminstration had also been providing covert sup- The Mysterious Pakistani General port to the KosovoLiberation Army(KLA),a paramilitarygroup On the 12thofSeptember,a mysterious Lieutenant General,head supported by Al Qaeda,which was involved in numerous terrorist of Pakistan’s Military Intelligence(ISI),who according to the US attacks.The Defense Intelligence Agency(DIA) and Britain’s Secret press reports “happened to be in Washington at the time of the Intelligence Service,more commonly known as MI6,together with attacks”,was called into the office of Deputy Secretary of State former members of Britain’s 22nd Special Air Services Regiment Richard Armitrage. (SAS) were providing training to the KLA,despite its extensive The “War on Terrorism”had been officially launched late in the links to organized crime and the drug trade.Meanwhile,known night of September 11,and Dick Armitage was asking General and documented,several Al Qaedaoperatives had integrated the Mahmoud Ahmadto help America “in going after the terrorists”. ranks ofthe KLA.(See Chapter III). Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf was on the phone with In the months leading up to 9/11,I was actively involved in Secretary ofState Colin Powelland the following morning,on the research on the terror attacks in Macedonia,waged by the self-pro- 13th of September, a comprehensive agreement, was reached claimed National Liberation Army (NLA) of Macedonia,a para- between the two governments. military army integrated by KLA commanders. Al Qaeda While the press reports confirmed that Pakistanwould support Mujahideenhad integrated the NLA.Meanwhile,senior US mili- the Bush adminstration in the “war on terror”,what they failed to tary officers from a private mercenary company on contract to the mention was the fact that Pakistan`s military intelligence (ISI) Pentagonwere advising the terrorists. headed by General Ahmad had a longstanding relationship to the Barely a couple of months prior to 9/11,US military advisers Islamic terror network.Documented by numerous sources,the ISI were seen mingling with Al Qaedaoperatives within the same para- was known to have supported a number ofIslamic organizations militaryarmy.In late June 2001,seventeen US “instructors”were including Al Qaedaand the Taliban.(See Chapter IV.) identified among the withdrawing rebels.To avoid the diplomatic My first reaction in reading news headlines on the 13th of humiliation and media embarrassment ofsenior US military per- September was to ask:ifthe Bush adminstration were really com- sonnel captured together with “Islamic terrorists”by the Macedonian mitted to weeding out the terrorists, why would it call upon Armed Forces,the US and NATOpressured the Macedonian gov- Pakistan`s ISI,which is known to have supported and financed ernment to allow the NLA terrorists and their US military advisers these terrorist organizations? to be evacuated. Two weeks later,an FBIreport,which was briefly mentioned on The evidence,including statements by the Macedonian Prime ABC News,pointed to a “Pakistani connection”in the financing of Minister and press reports out of Macedonia,pointed unequivo- the alleged 9/11 terrorists.The ABC report referred to a Pakistani cally to continued US covert support to the “Islamic brigades”in “moneyman”and “mastermind”behind the 9/11 hikackers. the former Yugoslavia.This was not happening in the bygone era Subsequent reports indeed suggested that the head ofPakistan’s ofthe Cold War,but in June 2001,barely a couple ofmonths prior military intelligence,General Mahmoud Ahmad,who had met Colin to 9/11.These developments,which I was following on a daily basis, Powellon the 13thof September 2001,had allegedly ordered the immediately cast doubt in my mind on the official 9/11 narrative transfer of100,000 dollars to the 9/11 ringleader Mohammed Atta. which presented Al Qaedaas the mastermind behind the attacks on What these reports suggested was that the head ofPakistan’s military the World Trade Centerand the Pentagon.(Chapter IV.) intelligencewas not only in close contact with senior officials ofthe US Government,he was also in liason with the alleged hijackers. xvi America’s “War on Terrorism” Preface xvii My writings on the Balkans and Pakistani connections,pub- presenting the Iraqi resistance movement as “terrorists”.The image lished in early October 2001 were later incorporated into the first of“terrorists opposed to democracy”fighting US “peacekeepers” edition of this book.In subsequent research,I turned my atten- appeared on television screens and news tabloids across the globe. tion to the broader US strategic and economic agenda in Central Meanwhile,the Code Orange terror alerts were being used by the Asiaand the Middle East. Bush administration to create an atmosphere of fear and intimi- There is an intricate relationship between War and Globalization. dation across America.(See Chapter XX.) The terror alerts also The “War on Terror”has been used as a pretext to conquer new served to distract public opinion from the countless atrocities com- economic frontiers and ultimately establish corporate control over mitted by US forces in the Afghan and Iraqi war theaters,not to Iraq’s extensive oil reserves. mention the routine torture ofso-called “enemy combatants”. Following the invasion ofAfghanistan,the torture ofprisoners The DisinformationCampaign ofwar and the setting up ofconcentration camps became an inte- In the months leading up to the invasion ofIraqin March 2003,the gral part ofthe Bush adminstration’s post 9/11 agenda. disinformationcampaign went into full gear. The entire legal framework had been turned upside down. Known and documented prior to the invasion,Britain and the According to the US Department ofJustice,torture was now per- US made extensive use offake intelligence to justify the invasion and mitted under certain circumstances.Torture directed against “ter- occupation ofIraq.Al Qaedawas presented as an ally ofthe Baghad rorists”was upheld as a justifiable means to preserving human regime.“Osama bin Laden”and “Weapons of Mass Destruction” rights and democracy.(See chapters XIV and XV.) In an utterly statements circulated profusely in the news chain.(Chapter XI.) twisted logic,the Commander in Chiefcan now quite legitimately Meanwhile, a new terrorist mastermind had emerged: Abu authorize the use oftorture,because the victims oftorture in this Musab Al-Zarqawi.In Colin Powell’s historic address to the United case are so-called “terrorists”,who are said to routinely apply the NationsSecurity Council,detailed “documentation”on a sinister same methods against Americans. relationship between Saddam Husseinand Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi The orders to torture prisoners ofwar at the Guantanamo con- was presented,focussing on his ability to produce deadly chemical, centration camp and in Iraq in the wake of the 2003 invasion biological and radiological weapons,with the full support and emanated from the highest levels of the US Government.Prison endorsement ofthe secular Baathist regime. guards,interrogators in the US military and the CIAwere respond- A Code Orange terror alert followed within two days ofPowell’s ing to precise guidelines. speech at the United NationsSecurity Council,where he had been An inquisitorial system had been installed.In the US and Britain politely rebuffed by UN Weapons Inspector Dr.Hans Blix. the “war on the terrorism”is upheld as being in the public interest. Realty was thus turned upside down.The US was no longer Anybody who questions its practices—which now include arbi- viewed as preparing to wage war on Iraq.Iraq was preparing to trary arrest and detention,torture of men,women and children, attack America with the support of“Islamic terrorists”.Terrorist political assassinations and concentration camps—is liable to be mastermind Al-Zarqawi was identified as the number one suspect. arrested under the antiterrorist legislation. Official statements pointed to the dangers of a dirty radioactive bomb attack in the US. The main thrust ofthe disinformationcampaign continued in the wake ofthe March 2003 US-led invasion ofIraq.It consisted in