American Political Parties American Political Parties Why They Formed, How They Function, and Where They’re Headed • John Kenneth White Matthew R. Kerbel University Press of Kansas © 2022 by the University Press of Kansas All rights reserved Published by the University Press of Kansas (Lawrence, Kansas 66045), which was organized by the Kansas Board of Regents and is operated and funded by Emporia State University, Fort Hays State University, Kansas State University, Pittsburg State University, the University of Kansas, and Wichita State University. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: White, John Kenneth, 1952–author. | Kerbel, Matthew Robert, 1958–author. Title: American political parties : why they formed, how they function, and where they’re headed / John Kenneth White, Matthew R. Kerbel. Other titles: Party on! Description: Lawrence : University Press of Kansas, 2022. | Revised edition of: Party on! : political parties from Hamilton and Jefferson to Trump. Second edition. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021050481 ISBN 9780700633340 (paperback) ISBN 9780700633357 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Political parties—United States—History. | Two-party systems—United States. | Political culture—United States. Classification: LCC JK2261 .W55 2022 | DDC 324.273—dc23/eng/20211122 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021050481 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data is available. Cover image: Rob Young/Wikimedia Commons S H The Sustainable History Monograph Pilot M P Opening Up the Past, Publishing for the Future This book is published as part of the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. With the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Pilot uses cutting-edge publishing technology to produce open access digital editions of high-quality, peer-reviewed monographs from leading university presses. Free digital editions can be downloaded from: Books at JSTOR, EBSCO, Internet Archive, OAPEN, Project MUSE, ScienceOpen, and many other open repositories. While the digital edition is free to download, read, and share, the book is under copyright and covered by the following Creative Commons License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Please consult www.creativecommons.org if you have questions about your rights to reuse the material in this book. When you cite the book, please include the following URL for its Digital Object Identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.32560 We are eager to learn more about how you discovered this title and how you are using it. We hope you will spend a few minutes answering a couple of questions at this URL: https://www.longleafservices.org/shmp-survey/ More information about the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot can be found at https://www.longleafservices.org. For our daughters, Jeannette White and Gabrielle Kerbel, who grew up with this book. Contents Acknowledgments xi Preface: How We Got Here xiii Introduction: An Election Like No Other 1 Chapter 1 Hamilton vs. Jefferson: How Political Parties Began 10 Chapter 2 The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of Party Politics 26 Chapter 3 Party Organizations in the Twenty-First Century 44 Chapter 4 Nominating Presidents 62 Chapter 5 Party Brand Loyalty and the American Voter 89 Chapter 6 Parties and Social Media 102 Chapter 7 Campaign Finance and Transitional Political Parties 119 Chapter 8 Elected Officials in an Age of Hyper-Partisanship 138 Chapter 9 Third Parties in the Twenty-First Century 153 Conclusion: Where Are We Going? 174 Notes 190 ix