Editor-in-Chief Editor AbdulHamid AbuSulayman Katherine Bullock Assistant Editor Layla Sein Copy Editor Jay Willoughby Book Review Editor Jasmin Zine Editorial Board Mumtaz Ahmad Sulayman S. Nyang Anas al-Shaikh Ali Dilnawaz Siddiqui M. A. Muqtedar Khan International Advisory Board Ibrahim Abu-Rabi Aziza Y. al-Hibri Khurshid Ahmad Mohammad H. Kamali Akbar Ahmed Enes Karic Manzoor Alam Clovis Maksoud Taha J. al-Alwani Ali A. Mazrui Zafar Ishaq Ansari Seyyed Hossein Nasr Khaled Blankinship Ibrahim Ahmed Omer Charles Butterworth Mustapha Pasha Louis J. Cantori James P. Piscatori Ahmad Davutoglu Anne Sofie Roald Abdulwahab M. Elmessiri Tamara Sonn John L. Esposito Antony Sullivan Mehdi Golshani Sayyid M. Syeed M. Kamal Hassan Ahmad Yusuf A joint publication of: The International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) & The Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS) Mailing Address: All correspondence should be addressed to the Editor at: AJISS, P. O. Box 669, Herndon, VA 20172-0669 USA Phone: 703-471-1133 • Fax: 703-471-3922 • Email: VOLUME 21 SUMMER 2004 NUMBER 3 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES Special Issue: Neo-Orientalism and Islamophobia: Post-9/11 ASSOCIATION OF MUSLIM SOCIAL SCIENTISTS INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT Note to Contributors The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences (AJISS) is an interdisciplinary journal that publishes a wide variety of scholarly research on all facets of Islam and the Muslim world: anthropology, economics, history, philosophy and metaphysics, politics, psychology, reli- gious law, and traditional Islam. Submissions are subject to a blind peer review process. Submissions must conform to the following guidelines: • Be the author’s original research. Simultaneous submissions to other journals, as well as previous publication in any format and language, are not accepted. • Be between 7,000 and 10,000 words in length; book reviews and conference reports must be between 800-1,000 words; • Include a 250 word (max) abstract; • Cite all bibliographical information in endnotes. Provide full biographical information (e.g., full name(s) of author(s), complete title of the source, place of publication, publish- ing company, date of publication, and the specific page being cited) when the source is mentioned for the first time. For subsequent citations of the same source, list the author’s last name, abbreviate the title, and give the relevant page number(s). Do not use footnotes or a bibliography; • Avoid putting the author’s name in headers or footers, and avoid any personal references in the body or the endnotes that might betray their identity to referees; • Include a cover sheet with the author’s full name, current university or professional affili- ation, mailing address, phone/fax number(s), and current e-mail address. Provide a two- sentence biography; • Transliterate Arabic words according to the style in AJISS, which is based upon that used by the Library of Congress; • All submissions should be in MS-Word, double-spaced, and on single-sided numbered pages; • AJISS does not return manuscripts to authors. AJISS is indexed in the following publications: a) U.M.I. (16 mm microfilm, 35 mm micro- film, 105 mm microfiche for article copies of 1990 issues and after); b) Religion Index One: Periodicals and Index to Book Reviews in Religion (1987 and after). These indexes are part of the ATLA Religion Data-base, available on the WilsonDisc CD-ROM from H. W. Wilson Co., and online via WilsonLine, BRS Information Technologies, and Dialog Information Services; c) Public Affairs Information Service (December 1990 and after); d) Sociological Abstracts (1985 and after); and e) International Current Awareness Services (1992 and after). Selected material is indexed in the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences. Opinions expressed in AJISS are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the editors or publishers. No photocopying is allowed without the express permission of the publisher. See last page for distributors and subscription rates. The TranslitLS, TranslitSBL and TranslitLSAkk fonts used to create this work are © 1994-2002 Payne Loving Trust. They are available from Linguist’s Software, Inc., www. linguistsoftware.com, PO Box 580, Edmonds, WA 98020-0580 USA, tel (425) 775-1130. © The International Institute of Islamic Thought ISSN 0742-6763 CONTENTS Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Articles Justifying Islamophobia: A Post-9/11 Consideration of the European Union and British Contexts Christopher Allen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, and the State Tahir Abbas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Muslims and the Media after 9/11: A Muslim Discourse in the American Media? Halil Ibrahim Yenigun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Liberating Afghan Women Nancy Gallagher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 “Citizens of Heaven” versus “The Islamic Peril”: The Anti-Islamic Rhetoric of Orlando’s Holy Land Experience Since 9/11/01 Nancy L. Stockdale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Anti-Islamophobia Education as Transformative Pedadogy: Reflections from the Educational Front Lines Jasmin Zine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Review Essay Warraq’s War: A Critical Review Ahrar Ahmad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Book Reviews After Shock: September 11, 2001 - Global Feminist Perspectives (by Susan Hawthorne and Brownwyn Winter, eds.) Bathseba M. Opini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Losing Control: Global Security in the Twenty-first Century (by Paul Rogers) Munya G. Kabba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Western Supremacy: The Triumph of an Idea? (by Sophie Bessis) Maliha Chishti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism (by David Cole) Imad A. Ahmad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Fear and Anxiety in the Arab World (by Michel G. Nehme) Amber Haque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 The Arab Mind (by Raphael Patai) Omer M. Mozaffar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Islamic Peril: Media and Global Violence (by Karim H. Karim) Laurent Bonnefoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide (by Bat Ye’or; tr. Miriam Kochan and David Littman) Imad A. Ahmad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Beyond Veil and Holy War: Islamic Teachings and Muslim Practices with Biblical Comparisons (by Saleem Ahmed) Nevin Reda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World (by Carl W. Ernst) Amira K. Bennison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 The Trouble with Islam: A Wake-Up Call for Honesty and Change (by Irshad Manji) Nerjis Mazid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Sword of Islam: Muslim Extremism from the Arab Conquest to the Attack on America (by John F. Murphy Jr.) Rachad Antonius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Islamic Fundamentalism and the Doctrine of Jihad (by A. J. Abraham) Mikhail Ali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Pride, Faith, and Fear: Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa (by Charlotte A. Quinn and Frederick Quinn) Ali Mabrook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800 (by Humayun Ansari) Maria F. Curtis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Caravanserai: Journey among Australian Muslims (by Hanifa Deen) Katherine Bullock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Brick Lane (by Monica Ali) Wendy O’Shea Meddour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Forum The Jewish Obligation to Stand Up against Islamophobia in the United States Lisabeth Kaplan and Paul Roochnik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Conference, Symposium, and Panel Reports Legal and Practical Aspects of Participation by Women in Arab Societies Marina de Regt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 An Interfaith Perspective on Globalization for the Common Good Suleman Dangor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Family and Households in History Sherry Gad Elrab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Abstracts Doctoral Dissertations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 CALL FOR PAPERS The 33rd Annual Conference of the Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS) Revisioning Modernity: Challenges and Possibilities for Islam Cosponsored by: George Mason University: Center for Global Studies & Islamic Studies Program, Fairfax, Virginia September 24 - 26, 2004 Deadlines: Abstracts: May 28, 2004• Papers: August 27, 2004 The AMSS 33rd Annual Conference offers an exceptional forum to address the con- temporary challenges of globalization and to analyze how the transnational flows of people, ideas, technologies, and commodities challenge fixed conceptions of identity and belonging, as well as traditional models of social and political organization. Since these same processes blur the contours, location, and social meaning of Islam – both in global spaces and closer to home – AMSS seeks to explore to what extent has con- temporary global life exceeded the boundaries of modernity. What does it mean – in terms of both discourse and practice – to transcend modernity? How do Muslims from diverse subject locations engage, question, or challenge notions of modernity and post- modernity? What is it to be Muslim in a complex world of multiple identity affiliations and fractured subjectivities? We are looking for papers that engage, address, or integrate the following subthemes: • The Decolonization & Politicization of • Center & Periphery: the Global Politics of Knowledge Development & Governance • Multiple & Fractured Identities • Resisting Ethnic “Tribalism” • Discourse Ethics & Cosmopolitanism • Social Movements • Diaspora: Integration, Assimilation, • Peace Education, Anti-racism/Anti- Resistance Islamophobia Education • Islamic Feminism in Transnational Contexts • The Politics of Difference & the Challenge of • Technology & Society Solidarity • International Security & Humanitarian Crises • Progressive Islam & Who Are Progressive • War, Migration & Refugees Muslims • Human Rights/Civil Liberties • Islamic Knowledge & Education: Future • Poverty/Economic Restructuring Directions Abstracts (250 words) are due May 28, 2004. Accepted proposals will be announced within 21 days. Accepted papers must be submitted by August 27, 2004, to be included in the confer- ence program. Send abstracts to the Conference Coordinator, Ms. Layla Sein, at Editorial This special issue was suggested to us by a reader during my term as AJISS book review editor. Soon after 9/11, many bookstores and popular websites, among them www.amazon.com, stocked up on Islam-bashing books whose main arguments were that Islam posed numerous threats to the United States, in particular, and to the West in general. Authors took umbrage with President Bush’s claim that the “war on terror” was not a war on Islam, and that, indeed, it was Islam that was the problem and the enemy of the modern age. How about making some scholarly responses to these books, our reader asked. I was initially of two minds, for these books were not academic trea- tises. Should an academic journal spend time on non-academic books? On the other hand, given how important these books were (and are) in shaping public opinion about Islam and the presence of Muslims in the West, it seemed essential that Muslim intellectuals should respond. To do nothing in the face of the barrage of negative and hostile arguments ultimately seemed irresponsible. The Muslim community was under attack – spiritually and physically. If there were no intellectual counter-arguments from a Muslim perspective, what could an uninformed and curious reader rely on to hear from the other side? A non-response by Muslims would count as affirmation, because the reader would have no alternative sources with which to think about the issues being raised. Thus, we decided to provide scholarly responses to the Islam-bashing books from Muslim intellectuals (or non- Muslim scholars empathetic with Islam) that would do more than say “these books are inflammatory” by providing reasoned analysis and argumentation as to why such books were not only wrong and misguided, but also that they were actually inciting hatred toward Muslims. Not everyone agreed with our thinking, and some Muslim academics felt it would be a waste of their time to review (hence give unwarranted cre- dence to) nonacademic populist diatribes against Islam and Muslims. Others embraced the project with enthusiasm. A few reviewers who had initially consented found that in the end, they were unable to complete their assign- ments because they could not stomach such biased and non-academic books. When I became editor of AJISS, we decided to devote an entire issue to Islamophobia and not just review a few influential Islam-bashing books. By this stage, enough time had passed for it to become obvious that Muslim- ii The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21:3 bashing post-9/11 was not simply a passing phenomenon based on revenge, but a deeper-seated structural issue in western societies, from the UK to North America to Australia. In addition, the United States Congress, in a concerted effort, was threatening academic freedom, and neo-conservative academics were attempting to discredit Muslim voices (even being presumptuous enough to set up their own “Muslim” think tanks!), in hopes of silencing Muslim per- spectives altogether. Thus, we issued a call for papers to address neo- Orientalism and Islamophobia since 9/11. This issue is the result of that. And we are pleased to offer you a strong and comprehensive special issue on the topic of Islamophobia and Orientalism post-9/11 with international dimen- sions. Jasmin Zine worked hard to have a wide range of books related to the issue’s theme reviewed, and I am sure you will find the book review section rich with considered critiques of both relevant populist and academic books. Ahmed Ahrar has written a discerning extended review essay on Ibn Warraq, one of the most well-known populist Islam-bashing authors who has been having a field day since 9/11, courtesy of our “friends” at Prome- theus Publishing house. He provides a timely and scholarly rebuttal of Ibn Warraq's diatribes against Islam. Two articles from the UK open the issue. Christopher Allen and Tahir Abbas seek to theorize Islamophobia, using Britain as a case study. Allen’s paper explores whether or not 9/11 has significantly altered the forms and structure of Islamophobia. He looks at the immediate post-9/11 period, begins with the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia’s “Summary Report into Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001,” and then moves on to Britain as a case study. Allen finds that 9/11 has sharp- ened an already present Islamophobia, with the left and far-right coming together in their anti-Muslim pronouncements. He concludes, worryingly, that Islamophobia is being normalized across British society. Abbas concurs, arguing that “British discourse on racialized minorities has transformed from ‘color’ in the 1950s and 1960s, ‘race’ in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, ‘ethnicity’ in the 1990s, to ‘religion’ in the present cli- mate,” with religion meaning “Muslims.” Abbas maintains that in spite of the Muslim presence in the UK for generations, Muslim loyalties to Britain are still being questioned, and Muslims often feel forced to choose between “Islamic” or “British” identities on the one hand, or from inside the Muslim community “liberal” or “radical” on the other. Both Allen and Abbas highlight the role of the media in helping to shape and form the public’s perception of Islam and Muslims. By and large, and in spite of numerous articles giving voice to Muslim perspectives, the