The Project Gutenberg EBook of American Book-Plates, by Charles Dexter Allen This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license Title: American Book-Plates A Guide to their Study with Examples Author: Charles Dexter Allen Release Date: December 17, 2014 [EBook #47682] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN BOOK-PLATES *** Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive) Contents. List of Illustrations. In certain versions of this etext, in certain browsers, clicking on this symbol will bring up a larger version of the illustration. Index.: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W. (etext transcriber's note) AMERICAN BOOK-PLATES (EX-LIBRIS) American Book-Plates A Guide to their Study with Examples By Charles Dexter Allen Member Ex-Libris Society London · Member Grolier Club New York Member Connecticut Historical Society Hartford With a Bibliography by Eben Newell Hewins Member Ex-Libris Society Illustrated with many reproductions of rare and interesting book-plates and in the finer editions with many prints from the original coppers both old and recent New York · Macmillan and Co. · London Mdcccxciv Copyright, 1894, By MACMILLAN AND CO. Norwood Press: J. S. Cushing & Co.—Berwick & Smith. Boston, Mass., U.S.A. PREFACE. N a few years Book-plate literature will have a place in the catalogues of the Libraries, as it now has in those of the dealers in books. The works of the Hon. J. Leicester Warren (Lord de Tabley), Mr. Egerton Castle, and Mr. W. J. Hardy on the English plates, Mr. Walter Hamilton, M. Henri Bouchot, and M. Poulet-Malassis on the French, Herr Warnecke on the German, and M. Carlander on the Swedish, are all the work of master hands, and are recognized as authorities. In our own country the lists and essays of Mr. Richard C. Lichtenstein and Mr. Laurence Hutton have long been of invaluable service, and occupy a position both at home and abroad of undisputed eminence. A large number of articles has also been contributed to periodical literature by those well informed upon the subject, and numerous monographs testify to the growth of interest in this fascinating study, and by the names of their authors, to the class of scholars and students of antiquarian lore who deem the humble book-plate worthy of their attention. In view of what has been and of what will be written, this present modest attempt to introduce more fully than has yet been done, the book-plates of America, needs to be understood as simply a pioneer work; a great deal of information will reward the patient and painstaking investigator of the future, which is now inaccessible, and without doubt, too, much will be found even within the present to supplement these pages. This book could not have been undertaken nor carried to completion had the writer been denied the generous assistance and hearty sympathy of our collectors, to whom he desires to express his appreciation of the kindnesses shown him. Especially to Mr. R. C. Lichtenstein, Mr. E. N. Hewins, and Mr. Fred J. Libbie of Boston, does he feel under deep obligation for the generous loan of their splendid collections, for ready advice and counsel, for cheerful assistance whenever asked for, and for that tangible sympathy and lively interest which are worth so much to one engaged in such work. To many others also is he indebted, both for the loan of plates and for kindly words of encouragement. To Mr. S. P. Avery, Mr. Beverly Chew, Mr. E. H. Bierstadt, Mr. Henry Blackwell, Mr. D. McN. Stauffer, Mr. Edward D. Harris, Mr. Laurence Hutton, and Mr. E. W. Nash, of New York City; to Mr. W. G. Brown of Washington and Lee University at Lexington, Va.; Mr. H. E. Deats of Flemington, N.J.; Dr. C. E. Clark of Lynn; Hon. W. A. Courtnay of Charleston, S.C.; Miss Helen E. Brainerd of the Columbia College Library; Mr. Pickering Dodge of Washington, D.C.; Mr. Charles T. Martin, Mr. Frank B. Gay, Mr. A. C. Bates, and Mr. John C. Parsons, of Hartford; Dr. Henry C. Eno of Saugatuck; Dr. J. H. Dubbs of Lancaster, Penn., President of Franklin and Marshall College; Mr. D. V. R. Johnston of the State Library at Albany; Mr. Nathaniel Paine of Worcester; Mr. Daniel Ravenel of Charleston, S.C.; Mr. Howard Sill of Glendale, Md.; Mr. R. A. Brock of Richmond, Va.; Mr. Howard Edwards of Philadelphia; Dr. Swan M. Burnett of Washington, D.C.; Mr. Richard Wijnkoop of Brooklyn; Mr. Bisbee of Dartmouth College; Mr. William Kelby of the New York Historical Society; and to Mr. Lyon G. Tyler of Williamsburg, Va., President of William and Mary College, does he wish to make acknowledgment for the favors which have contributed so much to the value of the work. From over the sea, particularly kind assistance has come from Rev. T. W. Carson, the veteran collector and eminent authority of Dublin. To all others who by letter, gift, or advice have assisted him, the writer wishes hereby to make suitable and hearty acknowledgment. The writer’s thanks are also extended to those who have so kindly permitted him the use of their plates for the illustrating of the book. A word more is due to Mr. E. N. Hewins, who very kindly, at the writer’s request, accepted the labor of preparing the excellent Bibliography which appears in the volume. CHARLES DEXTER ALLEN. Hartford, Conn., June, 1894. CONTENTS PAGE Preface v A List of the Illustrations xi Introductory 1 Name-labels and Mottoes 16 Armorial Book-plates 35 Pictorial and Allegorical Book-plates and Plates of Colleges, Libraries, and Societies 57 Book-plates of Special Interest 79 Early American Book-plate Engravers, with Lists of Their Work 104 An Alphabetical List of Early American Book-plates 160 A Chronological List of the Dated Plates 313 An Alphabetical List of the Signed Plates, showing the Exact Manner of Signing 314 A List of Mottoes found upon the Early Plates, with Translations 323 A Few Recent Examples 340 The American Collectors and Collections 377 The Ex Libris Societies 387 Bibliography (American, English, and French) 389 Conclusion 421 Index: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W. 422 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Copper-plates. The Grolier Club, by E. D. French Frontispiece Charles Dexter Allen, by E. H. Garrett Title-page To face page Edward Hale Bierstadt, by E. D. French 90 Oliver Wendell Holmes 98 Alexander Anderson, by Anderson 120 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, attributed to Callender 126 George Goodwin, attributed to Doolittle 132 Marshall C. Lefferts, by E. D. French 352 George Dudley Seymour, by W. F. Hopson 370 Francis Wilson, by E. H. Garrett 376 Full-page Reproductions. Jereh. Wadsworth 1 Moral Library, Yale College 6 James Eddy Mauran 16 Eugene Field 35 Jacob Sargeant, by Jacob Sargeant 46 Peter Manigault, by Yates 52 John Williams 54 Richard Wynkoop 56 Social Law Library 66 George Alexander Macbeth 79 W. F. Hopson, by W. F. Hopson 104 William Ashmead Courtenay 122 Edmund H. Garrett, by E. H. Garrett 138 H. E. Deats 150 Richard C. Lichtenstein, by George Moore 160 Louis J. Haber 323 George H. Ellwanger, by Sidney L. Smith 340 John E. Russell, by M. T. Callahan 357 Dean Sage 360 Fred C. Schlaick, by Howard Sill 362 Arthur Robinson Stone, by George M. White364 F. W. Hoyt 366 Illustrations in the Text. PAGE George Lee Tuberville, Virginia 2 Timothy Newell, printed by Isaiah Thomas 3 William Lord, East Haddam 5 Geo. C. M. Roberts, M.D., Baltimore 6 Elijah F. Reed 7 Jared Ingersoll, Esq., of New Haven, Conn. 8 John Walters Gibbs, Charleston, S.C., by Abernethie 9 Peter Middleton, M.D., by J. Lewis 10 Harrison Gray Otis 11 Lieut. E. Trenchard, U. S. Navy 12 Samuel Elam, Rhode Island 13 John Adams 15 Hannah Reynolds 17 E Libris Thomæ Holt 18 John Campbell, Charles County 19 Richard Sprigg, Jr., by T. Sparrow 20 Thomas O. Selfridge, Boston, 1799 22 Worcester Circulating Library 23 Daniel Greenleaf 25 Timothy Mann, Walpole, Oct., 1810 27 A. L. Hollingsworth, Boston, Mass. 29 George Bancroft 31 William Prescott 32 Henry Blackwell, New York City 33 Edward Pennington, Philadelphia 34 Gabriel Jones, Attorney at Law, in Virginia 36 Joseph Dudley, 1754 38 Jer. Dummer, Anglus Americanus 39 Minot, Boston 40 Frederik Philipse, Esq. 42 William P. Smith, A.M., by Thomas Johnston 45 Andrew Tyler, by Hurd 46 John Durand, Esq. 47 Anthony Stewart, Annapolis, Md. 48 Myles Cooper, LL.D., etc. 49 Andrew Oliver, attributed to Hurd 50 Benjamin Kissam, by Dawkins 51 Samuel Vaughan, Esq. 53 W. Jackson 54 De Witt Clinton, by Maverick 55 James Parker 58 Henry Andrews, by Harris 59 New York Society Library, by Maverick 60 New York Society Library, 1789, by Maverick 61 Monthly Library in Farmington, Conn. 63 Village Library, Farmington, Conn. 65 Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts 66 Hasty Pudding Library, Harvard College 68 Linonian Library, Yale College 69 Linonian Library (Yale College) 70 Arnold Arboretum, 1892, by Geo. Wharton Edwards 72 New York Society Library, by Elisha Gallaudet 74 Phoenix Society 76 Brothers in Unity, Yale College, by Pelton 77 Samuel Hill 78 Stephen Cleveland 80 Columbia College Library, New York, by Anderson 81 Isaiah Thomas 83 Albany Society Library, 1759 84 John Quincy Adams 86 Josiah Quincy 87 Livius 88 Dr. John Jeffries, attributed to Callender 89 Geo. Washington, genuine 91 Geo. Washington, fraudulent 94 Bushrod Washington 96 Daniel Webster 97 Brander Matthews, by E. A. Abbey 99 Edmund Clarence Stedman 100 Laurence Hutton 102 Winfield Scott 103 Robert Hale, Esq., of Beverly, by Hurd 107 John Chandler, Jr., Esq., by Hurd 108 Lewis De Blois, by Hurd 109 Joshua Spooner, by Hurd 110 Harvard College, by Hurd 112 John Vassall, Esq., by Hurd 114 John Lowell, by Hurd 115 Peter A. Browne, by Akin 118 John Pintard, LL.D., by Anderson 120 Apprentices’ Library, New York City, by Anderson 121 Thomas Russell, by Callender 125 Henry D. Gilpin, by Childs 127 Whitehead Hicks, by Dawkins 130 Social Library, Wethersfield, by Doolittle 133 Eli Forbes, by Furnass 135 John Chambers, by Elisha Gallaudet 136 Anonymous, by Maverick 141 Abraham Bancker, by Maverick 143 Gardiner Chandler, by Revere 146 William Wetmore, by Revere 147 Paul Revere, by Revere 148 John Lenthall, by Thackara 153 Bloomfield, by Trenchard 154 Luther Martin, attributed to Trenchard 155 John Franklin, Boston, New Eng., by Turner 156 Bloomfield McIlvaine, by Seymour 157 G. A. Smith 159 Anonymous, by Maverick 161 William Belcher, Savannah 171 Absalom Blackley, by Maverick 173 Hon. William Carmichael, Esq. 181 Col. John Skey Eustace 199 Ewing 201 Andrew G. Fraunces, by Maverick 205 John Goelet, attributed to Maverick 209 Richard Harison 215 Barrack Hays, by Hutt 219 Samuel Farmar Jarvis, D.D. 227 William Jauncey 229 Thomas Johnson, by Maverick 231 Edward Livingston, by Maverick 238 Abraham Lodge 240 Rev. John Murray 253 Francis Panton, Jr., by Maverick 259 Samuel Parker 260 William Penn 263 James Power 270 Samuel Smith 283 J. B. Swett 289 John Tayloe 291 Richard Varick, by Billings 295 Virginia Council Chamber 297 John C. Warren 299 W. Warren 301 William Duer 322 Malvians 339 Thomas Bailey Aldrich 343 Melvin H. Hapgood 344 Joseph Henry Dubbs, D.D. 345 James Phinney Baxter 348 Albert C. Bates 350 George Wharton Edwards 351 John Herbert Corning, by H. Sandham 354 George L. Parmelee 355 Paul Lemperly, by Bert K. Canfield 359 Joseph H. Wheeler 361 Chauncey Lawrence Williams, by Geo. R. Halm 364 Samuel Wesley Marvin 366 Adam Van Allan 367 Marcus Benjamin 369 Henry S. Rowe 376 Julia Dexter Coffin 374 Jeremiah Evarts 386 John Andrew 388 Paul Lemperly, by E. H. Garrett 421 AMERICAN BOOK-PLATES. INTRODUCTORY. E cannot venture to guess which was the first book-plate made in America, nor to say with absolute certainty whence came the first plate used in our country; but undoubtedly the latter came over already pasted into some book of a Dutch or English settler. The larger part of our books came from England, and very few plates are found with arms of other nationalities. The colonists who came from England bringing books, brought also the home ideas concerning books, and the book-plate was a natural piece of property to acquire. Their descendants, who continued the connection with the mother-country, used plates more generally, and the {1} fashion spread naturally. It never became very general, but was confined to those of gentle birth; the clergy, the lawyers, and men of education. We shall see that it was not confined to the men alone, but that the women of literary accomplishments also used plates. By far the greater part of the plates are cut on copper, but there are some woodcuts as will be seen in an examination of the list; also, there are some which look as if cut in silver, which was an easier metal to work, or perhaps in type-metal. One example is known in which brass was used, and this old plate is now in the possession of the writer. The steel engravings are of rather recent date; and while there are a number of these, the new plates are mostly on copper. The simple labels are printed from type. The larger part of our early plates are armorial in character; and while heraldry forms so prominent and important a feature, it is left practically untouched in the present volume. The number interested in the science is small, the authorities on coats-of-arms and on blazoning differ, and the present writer had not the time to make the thorough investigation necessary to a satisfactory treatment of this interesting branch. Upon consultation with other collectors, and with their advice, it was decided to leave this subject for a future volume should any call for it arise. A decided difference is noticed between the book-plates of the Northern and the Southern Colonies. In the South, to which came men of wealth and leisure with cultivated tastes, we would expect to find the little superfluities and niceties of daily life sooner in vogue and more generally used. Bringing books and musical instruments with them, retaining their connection with the far-away home by correspondence and visits, sending their sons to the great Universities to be educated, and to the Law Schools for a finishing course, and ordering their clothes, books, furniture, and all of the luxuries of life from England, they would naturally be the first to use the book-plate. Very few of the Southern plates were engraved by American engravers. They were nearly all done in London, when some member of the family was over, or by order from the Colony; for this reason the Southern plates are better in heraldry, design, and execution than those of New England and New York. They were the product of men experienced in such work; they were all armorial and in the prevailing English mode. The earliest comers to New England had a prejudice against coats-of-arms and trinkets of such-like character, which their descendants, however, soon forgot. Pride of ancestry and love of the display of aristocratic claims developed when the hard circumstances of the former years had worn off, and we find the prominent families of the North using book-plates, and having their arms upon their coaches. In one important feature, however, these Northern plates differ from the Southern,—they are mostly the work of our native engravers, very few being done in England. The work of these native artisans, who were mostly self-taught in this art of engraving on copper, is confessedly inferior to that of the London experts found upon the Southern plates, both in drawing and execution, but their work is of more value to the collector from this very fact of their being American work. They furnish examples of native skill, both in engraving and in copper-plate printing. The ornamentation of buttons, spoons, tableware, and other articles of silver was already practised when the demand for the book-plate arose, so that there were skilful men ready to turn their attention to this new branch of their art. The War of the Revolution naturally affected the native production of book-plates, but a few years after its close, when Boston, New York, and Philadelphia were active in publishing books, the engraver found work more plenty, and very many who were employed upon the plates for the illustration of books also produced book-plates. Nathaniel Hurd was the principal engraver of book-plates in the North before the war, though Thomas Johnson, who was born before him and who also died before he did, made some plates, while Turner and Paul Revere were also working at this period. Henry Dawkins, in Philadelphia, came over from England, and so did the elder Maverick, who made so many plates for the New Yorkers. The literary plates are smaller in number than we could wish, and they do not show a wide range of ideas either. Very probably some of the designs were borrowed from English plates, and were produced over again for different customers, or were freely copied by other engravers who liked, or who found customers who liked, the design of others. The plate used by George Goodwin is one of four of this same design. The shelf of books is also seen in the plate of G. C. M. Roberts, M.D., Thomas Robbins, and the {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} Elijah F. Reed, which is a direct reproduction of the Robbins. Piles of books, but not the regulation “Book-pile,” are seen in the Brown and Lewis plates, while the only real library interiors are the Tayloe plate, the Moral Library and the Village Library (Farmington, Conn.). John Allan, the old-book lover of New York, used a plate with an open book against an anchor, and the plate of Edmund Penn shows a love for books in the dainty volumes disposed about the frame. The patriotism of our book-lovers is shown in very many designs, which use the American flag or the eagle. The thirteen stars also, the motto of the United States, and various private mottoes of a very patriotic nature, are frequently used. It is noticeable that as compared with the Southern plates there are but few of the Northern examples which give the address or residence of the owner; that is, speaking of the armorial plates, the printed name labels give these particulars quite often. The Jared Ingersoll plate gives New Haven as the residence of the owner, while Rhode Island follows the name on the plate of Samuel Elam. Other Northern plates which are so engraved are the Colonel Eustace of New York, Comptroller Elliston also of New York, Lenox of Philadelphia, Atlee of Lancaster, John Franklin, Boston, New England, and Robert Hale of Beverly. Of the Southern plates, Wormeley, Waller, Tuberville, Tazewell, Skelton, Randolph, and Ludwell give Virginia as their residence; Drayton names South Carolina, the Dr. Cabell plate names Richmond, and the John Walters Gibbs names Charleston, S.C. The plates used in the West Indies also show the residence quite often. There, too, as well as in the Southern colonies, the profession or position of the owner, as well as the London law school in which he was educated, are often given. Thus we have William Blanc, Middle Temple, Dominica; Chas. Pinfold, LL.D., Governor of Barbadoes; Peyton Randolph of the Middle Temple, London; Francis Page of the Inner Temple Esqr.; William Assheton of Gray’s Inn. In the Northern examples we find John Gardiner of the Inner Temple, and Jonathan Belcher, E Societate Medij Templi. We note also in running through the List that the occupations most often noted on the book-plates are those of the medical and the legal profession. Barristers, lawyers, and attorneys are often so named, and the initials M.D., or the full word Doctor, are seen. The abbreviations of other degrees are found also, and the plates of clergymen are not uncommon. Several plates remain unnoticed in the following pages, which are probably American, but which, for lack of positive information, it is thought best not to include. Among these is an early Dutch plate which, if it could be accurately traced to its original owner, might prove to be one of the earliest plates used in America. It seems that a word is needed in defence of the perfectly legitimate and gentle pursuit of collecting book-plates. A great deal of sarcasm and indignation have found their way into the columns of periodical literature, particularly in England, the especial purpose of which is to trouble the humble collector, and to discredit him in the eyes of the world. He is pointed out as a destroyer of valuable books, as an animal so greedy in the pursuit of his insignificant prey as to ruin elegant bindings that he may secure worthless bits of paper, and as actually so devoid of good sense as to remove such of these as are interesting—for it is reluctantly admitted that some interest does attach to the plates used by certain men of fame in historical annals—from their rightful place within the covers of the very books read and handled by these illustrious owners. {8} {9} {10} {11} {12} Let it be remembered that but a small part of the many books published have a permanent value, and that a book once eagerly sought may outlive its usefulness, and come to have a commercial value of so much a pound as old paper, instead of so much a copy in different styles of binding. Surely, no one can quarrel with the collector who removes the book-plate, found within it, from such a worn-out specimen, even if the removal necessitates the ruin of the cover. But to remove a book-plate does not necessarily mean to ruin the cover; it requires some skill and considerable patience to remove a valuable plate without injury to either itself or the cover upon which it was pasted, but it is done daily. Surely no one can find fault with this—a skilful operation resulting satisfactorily to the plate-collector and to the book-owner. Again, no intelligent book-plate collector will separate the plate of a famous man from the book which has been its home for years, and which was once handled and read by its famous owner. Even a worthless book will thus be saved by the collector, which was fit but for the fire or the ash-heap, and which would have gone thither, plate and all, save for his discriminating eye, while a valuable book no one would think of despoiling. Would an intelligent collector, having a book from the library of George Washington, with his plate upon the cover and his autograph in its accustomed place, think of soaking off the plate and cutting out the signature? Not at all; no matter how worthless the book might chance to be, the fact that it was Washington’s is sufficient to insure it from any harm, while the presence of the autograph and the book-plate but adds to the value as establishing beyond peradventure the original ownership. The book-plate collector is naturally a book-lover. He must not be accused or suspected of crimes against his own kith and kin. He is a harmless and useful specimen of the genus collector, who with assiduity, perseverance, and intelligence seeks to preserve these memorials of past days, which in the rage for indiscriminate collecting were overlooked, and are but now beginning to receive the attention they are worthy of. It is, however, to be admitted that at first glance, the general reader who has not developed a special liking for the things of the past in history, art, or biography, may see no especial interest in book-plates. But let him examine a collection of good plates with their intelligent owner, who can point out to him the facts worthy of note; let him once understand that celebrated artists like Albrecht Durer, Jost Amman, William Hogarth, William Marshall, George Vertue, Bewick, Bartolozzi, and even Raphael Morghen were willing to devote time and taste to the designing or engraving of the book-plate; let him handle some of their work, and reflect upon the effort the master considered so small a design worthy of; let him see the plates of some of the noted names in history, art, letters, medicine, the sciences, and the professions; let him take in his hands the plates of William Penn, the friend of the Indian and benefactor of his race, of Laurence Sterne, of David Garrick, of Horace Walpole, of Samuel Rogers, of Charles Dickens, or of George Washington, of John Adams, and Charles Carroll, signers of the Declaration; let him see a plate engraved by Paul Revere whose services in the Revolution he has known of from his schooldays;—let him see these and scores more of similar interest, and he cannot fail to respond to the enthusiasm of their owner. But indeed it is a pursuit, the delights of which are discernible to those only who bring to it the capacity for such pleasures. NAME-LABELS AND MOTTOES. F all forms of book-plates the simplest possible is the printed name of the owner, unaccompanied by either motto, device, or ornamentation of any kind. Such a plate had Philip Hone, one of the founders of the Mercantile Library, and in the early twenties a mayor of the city of New York. His plate is merely a bit of paper with his name in bold script printed upon it from an engraved copper-plate. This style of plate is not chronologically the earliest, but is taken as our starting-point because of its unrelieved simplicity; this fulfils the mission of the book-plate,—it proclaims the ownership of the book in which it is seen; not in delicate language, to be sure, not with any invitation to dip into the volume in hand, not with any evidence of the owner’s taste in reading, but with a directness not to be misunderstood. The essential part of the book-plate is the name of the owner; and while this is sufficient of itself, it is found profitable and pleasant to accompany it with an apt quotation from a favorite author, with a caution against the improper {13} {14} {15} {16} {17} handling of books, with a warning of the sad result of declining Wisdom’s guidance, or with an invitation to enjoy the beauties of literature and to share the benefits of careful reading. In addition to these mere typographical adjuncts an opportunity is offered for the display of those more decorative garnishments which have led to the development of the handsomer styles of plates. Alexander Stedman’s: Thomas Thaxter’s, 1791: William W. Potter’s Book: Aaron Woolworth’s, Ex Dono Rev. S. Buell, D.D. These plates use the possessive case, are embellished with borders of ornamental type, and supply some further information by showing the date of their being used, or by naming the giver of the volumes. Other styles of expressing book-ownership are afforded by the following: Nicolas Pike His Book 1768: Hannah Adams, Medfield 179-: The Property of John Clap, Roxbury 1791: Davidis Dickinson Liber, A.D. 1796: Lieut. E. Trenchard, U. S. Navy: Simeon Baldwin, Owner: Ex Libris I. G. Thomas: Library T. W. Curtis, No.: Belonging to the Library of Thomas Forrest Betton, Germantown Pa.: The Property of John Weld native of Pomfret, Conn. Resident of Pomfret, Bo’t of Mr. James Steele of Hartford, January 12, 1796: W. Lewis, Ejus Liber: Johann Christoph Kunze, Prediger in Philadelphia: Emmanuel Jones e Coll; Gul; et Ma: 1756. These old type-set labels with their quaint borders of ornamental type,—scrolls, flourishes, stars, vines, and even grammatical signs,—are usually found to be printed on good white handmade paper, which was seldom trimmed with care; occasionally a tinted paper is found,—yellow more often than any other, but sometimes a blue or green; these served the less pretentious of our ancestors in lieu of the coats-of-arms and family mottoes of those of higher lineage, and are found in quantities throughout the New England and Middle States: even farther south they are not uncommon, but are not so numerous. In making up these ornamental borders the type was usually set in the form of a parallelogram, occasionally in a square, oval, circle, or diamond, and seldom in fanciful shapes. The most ambitious plate of this kind which has come under my observation is that which once graced the books of Mary McGinley; this is a rather large plate, and the type is set in the form of an urn, within the lines of which are given the motto and the owner’s name. A step in advance of these wholly typographical examples are those which employ a woodcut border to surround the name, and instances can be given of such a border enclosing the name printed from type; festoons of flowers or of cord, and draperies of cloth, were also used as a simple setting for the owner’s name. In this connection mention may be made of the work of T. Sparrow, an obscure engraver of Maryland; no heraldic or pictorial examples of his workmanship have been identified, and he probably confined himself to the simple woodcut designs of which but a small number are known. Always using a border of floriated scrolls, he never omitted an original contrivance which is the characteristic mark of his work,—a group of thirteen stars surrounded often by a wreath. This is always found in a prominent place, and is an indication of his patriotism as well as that of the owner of the plate. It must not be supposed that the heraldic book-plate was an outgrowth or development of the name-label: not at all; they were contemporaneous and were both used in England long before they were here. Coming now to the subject of mottoes, we find a wide field to travel over, many languages to read, many quotations to recognize, with hints and warnings, and even threatenings, by the score, from jealous book-lovers. Mottoes readily fall into two classes: those which are chosen by the owner for some personal reason, and those which are family mottoes, and which are used without thought because they are a family inheritance, or with a commendable pride in such legacies from an honorable ancestry. Latin is the language most often used probably, though English is a strong rival, while German, French, Greek, and even Hebrew and Welsh are also found upon our book-plates. Sentiments opposing the habit of book-borrowing are of frequent occurrence, and in some instances are of such severity as to leave no doubt of their effectiveness. For brevity and pointedness the following example can hardly be exceeded:— This book was bought and paid for by D. C. Colesworthy. Borrowing neighbors are recommended to supply themselves in the same manner. Price seventy-five cents. {18} {19} {20} {21} On the book-plate of D. W. Jayne the following verse from the Bible is used:— Go ye rather to them that sell and buy for yourselves. Matt. Chap. xxv. ver. 9. Verses from Holy Writ are quite frequently used on plates, and the style of expression found in the Psalms and Proverbs is borrowed as adding an authoritative emphasis to the words of caution and advice,— The wicked borrow, and returneth not: do thou not like unto them. Return what thou borroweth with the most sacred punctuality, and withhold it not. On the plate of a book-lover in Charleston, S.C.,— And ye shall keep me until the fourteenth day. And it shall be when thou hast made an end of reading this book. Send me away unto my master. Ex. xii. 6: Jer. li. 63: Gen. xxiv. 54. Every one has suffered from book-borrowers, even from school-day times, when the rude doggerel,— Steal not this book for fear of shame, For here you see the owner’s name, or its variant, Steal not this book for fear of strife, For its owner carries a huge jack-knife, was printed in coarse letters across the cover of the books most likely to go astray. How irritating it is to find the very volume one needs at the moment, missing from its accustomed place on the shelf; if anything is lacking to complete the torment of the discovery, let it be impossible to find out who has taken the desired volume, or to get any clew as to when it went or where! Private Library of J. N. Candee Cole, This book is not loaned. Matt. xxv. 9. Read not books alone: but men, and be careful to read thyself. The property of John Lambert, South Reading. To Borrowers of Books. You remember, my friend, I freely comply’d With the favour you asked me, and fully relied On a favour from you, which, tho’ promised, I find, As it hasn’t been granted, is out of your mind, To return in due time what I’ve wanted to see, The Book, which ’tis long since you borrow’d of me. Another I now with reluctance implore, ’Tis only to ask that you borrow no more. Stolen from J. W. Houx, Book-keeping taught in three words, Never lend them. The would-be borrower who finds these sentiments in the book he was about to ask for will scarcely be encouraged to do so, and for directness they are exceeded by only one example, in which the owner’s name is followed by the simple declaration, He does not lend books. The motto on the plate of the late George Ticknor—Suum cuique, To every man his own—was also calculated to discourage the borrower. But some people do lend books, and have them returned too,—in good second-hand condition. And so it comes about that the proper use of books is made the subject of another class of mottoes. My Friend! Should you this book peruse, Please to protect it from abuse: Nor soil, nor stain, nor mark its page, Nor give it premature old age: And, when it has effected all, Please to return it ere I call. {22} {23} {24} {25} The following verse is common property and is found on several plates:— If thou art borrowed by a friend, Right welcome shall he be To read, to study, not to lend, And to return to me. Not that imparted learning doth Diminish learning’s store, But books, I find, if often lent, Return to me no more. Read slowly, Pause frequently, Think seriously, Return duly with the corners of the leaves not turned down. Neither blemish this book, nor the leaves double down, Nor lend it to each idle friend in the town: Return it when read,—or if lost please supply Another, as good to the mind and the eye. With right and with reason you need but be friends And each book in my study your pleasure attends. If through respect or love I lend This book unto my worthy friend, He must not soil, abuse, nor tear, But read with diligence and care; And when its contents you have learned, Remember, it must be Returned. On the plate of Samuel W. Francis appear the following lines:— Any one may borrow, But a gentleman returns. The property of Thomas C. Cowan. Borrower, read, mark, and Avoid the former part of Psalm xxxvii. 21. If you borrow, freely use it, Take great care and don’t abuse it: Read, but neither lose nor lend it, Then unto the owner send it. Never open a book farther than to bring both sides of the cover on to the same plane. Never lend a borrowed book, but return it as soon as you are through with it, so that the owner may not be deprived of its use. You may think this a strange request, but I find that although many of my friends are poor arithmeticians, they are nearly all of them good book-keepers. In strong contrast to all the preceding are those mottoes of generous souls who find no pleasure in withholding their treasures, but who wish to have it understood that they are for the use of all; not very many are bold enough to thus advertise their willingness to lend, but a few do so, and generally by the use of the Latin, Sibi et amicis, or et amicorum. Sentiments in praise of books and reading are not uncommon, and quotations from classic writers both in prose and poetry do {26} {27} {28} good service on book-plates. Pope’s well-known lines— A little learning is a dangerous thing, Drink deep or taste not the Pierian Spring; Where shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, But drinking largely sobers us again. are found on an old American plate. On a recent New York plate,— Far more seemly were it for thee to have thy Study full of Books than thy purse full of money. Lilly. On a Maine plate,— Who learns and learns but does not what he learns, Is one who plows and plows but never sows. ———— Weigh well each thought, each sentence freely scan, In Reason’s balance try the works of man. Be bias’d not by those who praise or blame, Nor, Servile, Yield opinion to a name. On a recent Boston plate,— Un bon livre est un bon ami. On a recent Western plate,— A jolly goode booke, Whereon to looke, Is better to me than golde. On a recent Washington plate,— A trusty villain, sir, that very oft when I am dull with care and melancholy lightens my humour. The mottoes on the plates of those who have achieved distinction have a peculiar interest, especially when chosen by the owners themselves. The plate of Henry W. Longfellow bears the following line:— Non clamor sed amor, which is from an unknown author and is found in the following verse:— Non vox sed votum, Non chordas sed cor, Non clamor sed amor, Sonat in aure Dei. Not voice but vow, Not harp-string, but heart-string, Not loudness but love, Sound in the ear of God. The motto of George Washington,—Exitus acta probat, is not given in the accepted lists as the family motto of his ancestors, but it may have been such. The meaning of it has brought out criticism recently because of its Jesuitical sound,—“The end shows the deed.” But this may also be taken as a patriotic utterance in view of the part of the illustrious owner of this plate in the Revolution. On the plate of William Penn we see a motto most fitting for the character he sustained, Dum clavum rectum teneam—“While I hold to glory, let me hold to right.” In the plate the third word is omitted, as the engraver found the motto too long for the space reserved, and through some blunder the r in clarum is changed to a v, which makes no sense at all. On the plate of George Bancroft, the late historian, a chubby cherub bears a panel on which is the motto, Sursum corda. {29} {30} {31} {32} Another plate was also used by Mr. Bancroft which was in all respects like the above, except that the motto was changed to ΕΙΣ ΦΑΟΣ. The plate of the late Mr. George W. Childs has the following motto whose appropriateness is evident at once,—The pen is mightier than the sword. Above this a second motto of equal appropriateness is given,—Nihil sine labore. On the plate of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Per ampliora ad altiora is given upon a ribbon under a beautiful drawing of the “chambered nautilus.” Instances of mottoes which are cleverly made to carry some meaning, or some word, which will be seen at a glance to be taken from the name of the owner, are found often. On the plate of Harold Clarence Ernst this motto is given, Ernst ist das Leben. On the plate of George Curry, D.D.,—Sic curre capias. On the plate of Edward Spencer Dix,—Quod dixi id feci. In concluding this list of mottoes two from the Welsh can be instanced, one on the plate of a New York collector of Welshiana, which is Cared Doeth Yr Encilic, meaning, “The learned love the things of the past.” The other is on a Washington plate, and reads thus, A fynno Dwy y Fydd, meaning, “What God wills, will be.” In the list of languages used on book-plates, we must now include the Volapük, for we have the first instance of its use already in a New York plate; the motto reading, Menad bal pukbal, and meaning, “One humanity, one language.” ARMORIAL BOOK-PLATES. OOK-PLATES admit of many kinds of extraneous ornamentation, and wholly apart from the special function of recording the ownership of books, they serve as expressions of artistic taste; they lend themselves readily to many forms of design, and have passed through several changes or “styles” in the three hundred years of their existence; they can be dignified or flippant, serious or punning, of artistic beauty or positive deformity; they can express the owner’s choice of reading and can preserve lines from his favorite authors; can convey warning or invitation, and can, in short, be made a very personal affair. The first book-plates were heraldic. In those early and, in some senses, good old days, before the schoolmaster was abroad in the land, when learning was the possession of the aristocrats and the churchmen only, and consequently when handwriting was not in use among the people, families were distinguished by emblems which were known of all. These heraldic devices were painted on their shields, carved upon their walls, engraved upon their breast-plates, woven upon their banners and their tapestries, displayed upon their own persons, upon those of their dependents, and even upon their animals and the furniture and books of their homes; even the purely ornamental and ephemeral luxuries came to be adorned with the family coat-of-arms. The armorial bearings, stamped upon the back or sides of a book, or printed upon paper and pasted within the cover, were sufficient, without a name, to identify the family to which it belonged. Libraries descended from father to son, and were kept intact for generations; and the family arms and motto were the most appropriate label possible. Warren, one of the first to study book-plates and to give to others the benefit of his researches, has divided the armorial plates into general classes, and has given them suitable names, which are accepted the world over. A considerable number of subdivisions has been made; and while they may be serviceable where book-plates are plentiful, they are but an incumbrance to the collector of the early plates of America, for our examples are few in number, and are quite sufficiently distinguished—for the purpose of the present work, at least—by the following styles: Early English, Jacobean, Chippendale, Ribbon, and Wreath. Distinctive, easily remembered {33} {34} {35} {36} {37} characteristics pertain to each of these, and fairly accurate dates of their adoption and continuance can be given. Adopting then the nomenclature of Warren, and following his lead, we come now to consider the meaning of the different styles and the diversity of their designs. The very earliest class is the Early English, in which the shield of arms is present with all its accessories. In these plates the mantling is very profuse, and in large full-rounded curves surrounds three, and often all four, sides of the shield. This is the only ornamentation, nothing incidental being added as yet; the name of the owner is usually or often accompanied by a title and address, and quite frequently also by the date. We have but few examples of this style; perhaps the most satisfactory as an example of the class will be the plate of Joseph Dudley, dated 1754. (This plate was really engraved much earlier than this. Hurd erased the original name, and cut the present one with the date in its place.) In this the mantling, running out beyond the edges of the shield, curls both upward and downward, and completely envelops three sides; the design takes on a strong resemblance to oak leaves, and a single leaf of this is engraved upon the helmet: the background, or space enclosed within the scroll-work, is filled in with perpendicular lines which might be taken for the tincture gules; in the name-bracket, the oak-leaf pattern is again made use of, forming a neat finish to the ends. In the plate of The Honourable Wm. Carmichael, Esqr., the mantling is not so completely transformed into the oak-leaf design, although the latter is here apparent. The plate of Jer. Dummer, Anglus Americanus is peculiar in that the space enclosed by the scroll-work is lined with the solid brick wall of the later Jacobean style; in this the mantling is less striking than in the Dudley, but it surrounds the shield well, and curves upward about the crest. In the Minot plate, which is very peculiar and rather difficult to classify, the mantling is very unworthy of the name; it does not proceed from the helmet, nor indeed from anywhere in particular, but in wild and very eccentric fashion, envelops the crest and most of the shield; the field of the shield is tinctured azure, and it is enclosed within a border or moulding which nearly surrounds it, but leaves a portion at the base unprotected; a further peculiarity of this moulding is that it is an integral part of the helmet, for it curves over at the top of the shield and actually proceeds from the helmet. A very fine example of this style is the Francis Page plate. The next style is the Jacobean, commonly spoken of as existing from about 1700 to about 1745; the styles overlap naturally, and no hard-and-fast period can be established within which only one particular style of plate was used. Examples of the Jacobean plate are found in England which would date later than 1745, and the style which succeeded this was used somewhat before the year which begins its accepted period: the dates of the periods, then, are approximate. The names by which the different styles are known have all a good reason for their acceptance, although each one was suggested by differing circumstances. The style of book-plate in vogue at the time of the last James is designated as Jacobean; and, while it continued in use long after the death of the deposed monarch who gave it its name, any change in its designation would be misleading. The principal features of this style are its heavy, carved appearance, the evenly balanced proportions, and the exact coincidence of the two sides of the design. The shield, always of regular outline, is usually placed upon an ornamental frame whose background, or lining, is either filled in with a fish-scale pattern, diapered into the lozenge form or built up solidly with a wall of brick. This lining shows at both sides of the shield, below, and, less often, above it; its sides are convoluted; they run out in foldings and scrolls resembling the carving on wood, and are often worked into elaborate patterns: sometimes, too, the design is surrounded by a carved moulding which makes a heavy frame of rectangular form and massive appearance. This style of plate, well-handled, is exceedingly handsome, and is capable of more repose and dignity than any other. Very forbidding indeed, and over-solemn, are some examples, but in the main the purely Jacobean plates are very pleasing. Among the accessories usually found are a scallop-shell with the concave side turned towards the observer, and placed either below the shield to support it, or above it to set it off: this shell is always looked for in the Jacobean plates, and indeed a shelly motive is apparent throughout very many examples. The helmet and mantling are conspicuous, especially the latter, as it is often enlarged and emphasized by being drawn into the general scheme of decoration; very full, reaching far down the sides of the shield-frame, and indeed often curiously woven into the convolutions of the frame itself, it at times loses its significance: grotesque faces {38} {39} {40} {41} {42} {43} sometimes peer from the ornamentation, and heads of satyrs and demons are frequently used to rest the base of the shield upon. In some instances the name is placed upon a bracket similar to the upper part of the plate in decoration, or, again, it may be seen upon a small curtain or lambrequin caught up at the ends with string. Very often, too, no setting is provided for the name, and it is simply engraved beneath the design. Eagles, lions, termini, cherubs, and sometimes cornucopiæ of fruit or flowers, angels blowing upon trumpets, and stiff stalks of flowers are introduced into the ornamentation. But these do not succeed in enlivening the style of the plate materially, for it is essentially heavy, conservative, and formal in design and spirit. No graceful airiness rests upon it, and it provokes no joyous sentiment, but rather rouses respect and enforces stateliness. The general appearance of the Jacobean plate is as if carved from wood. We do not expect old carving to be anything but solid and immobile, and these characteristics are present in this style of book- plate. Indeed, Warren, in his chapter on the Jacobean style, says that no antiquary can fail to note the strong similarity of treatment and design between the wood-carving preserved in the churches of the time of Charles the Second and the mouldings on the monuments of the same period, and the book-plates of the style we have considered. Our finest example of the Jacobean book-plate is found in the work of Thomas Johnston, who made the plate of William P. Smith, A.M. This is a typical example of the later Jacobean style, and is worthy of particular study. The Elizabethan shield is set against a frame which is very elaborately carved and ornamented; the lining is covered with the fish-scale pattern, and this extends also to the arms and convolutions upon the sides. At the base of the shield the scallop-shell is in position as prescribed, and is surrounded by a little frame of its own; the mantling is very slight indeed, breaking out from the wreath and also from the lower part of the helmet, in short and simple spirals. The motto is found on a ribbon which is gracefully strung upon the scrolls at the bottom of the design. In the Spooner plate, by Hurd, the shield, also of Elizabethan pattern, is set against a diapered background; beneath the shield, within a little frame, the head of a sphinx is seen; term-figures are placed in the scroll-work at either side, and from...