P roceedings American Academy of Forensic Sciences 69th Annual Scientific Meeting New Orleans, LA February 13-18, 2017 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 410 North 21st Street Colorado Springs, CO 80904 Phone: (719) 636-1100 Fax: (719) 636-1993 Email: [email protected] Website: www.aafs.org PROCEEDINGS of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 69th Annual Scientific Meeting The Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences is an official publication of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS). It is devoted to the publication of the abstracts of technical oral papers and posters presented at the AAFS Annual Scientific Meeting. These include various branches of the forensic sciences such as anthropology, criminalistics, digital evidence, engineering, immunology, jurisprudence, odontology, pathology, psychiatry, questioned documents, and toxicology. Similar submissions dealing with forensic-oriented aspects of the social sciences are also included. Please note that some of the abstracts included in the Proceedings deal with topics, results, and/or conclusions which are controversial. The publication of abstracts does not imply that the AAFS, its sections, or the individual section program chairs/committee members have verified or agree with the studies, results, and/or conclusions of each abstract. During the process of planning a scientific program, it is impossible to “peer-review” each abstract and presentation to the degree that is accomplished during manuscript review. Abstracts and presentations are accepted, in part, so that they can be critiqued and reviewed by other scientists. Thus, a forum is created to discuss controversial issues. The views expressed in this publication are not those of the AAFS. The data and opinions appearing in the published material were prepared by and are the responsibility of the contributor(s), not of AAFS nor its respective employees, employers, officers, and agents. The AAFS does not supply copies of meeting papers. Please write directly to individual authors to obtain copies of specific papers. Presentation of some abstracts may have been scheduled or canceled after the publication of this document. English is the official language of the AAFS and its meetings; neither oral nor written translations will be provided. Copyright 2017 by the AAFS. Unless stated otherwise, noncommercial photocopying of editorial material published in this periodical is permitted by the AAFS. Permission to reprint, publish, or otherwise reproduce such material in any form other than photocopying must be obtained from the AAFS. PROCEEDINGS of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences February 2017 Volume XXIII Contents Special Sessions ......................................................................................... 4 Breakfast Seminars ..................................................................................... 9 Luncheon Seminar .................................................................................... 13 Evening Session ....................................................................................... 14 Workshops ................................................................................................ 16 Scientific Sessions Anthropology .................................................................................. 49 Criminalistics ............................................................................... 284 Digital & Multimedia Sciences ................................................... 545 Engineering Sciences ................................................................... 589 General ......................................................................................... 647 Jurisprudence ............................................................................... 796 Odontology .................................................................................. 860 Pathology/Biology ....................................................................... 925 Psychiatry & Behavioral Science ............................................... 1135 Questioned Documents ............................................................... 1190 Toxicology .................................................................................. 1219 Last Word Society ....................................................................... 1323 Financial Disclosure Index ................................................................... 1334 Key Word Index ................................................................................... 1362 Presenting Author Index ....................................................................... 1374 SPECIAL SESSIONS New Orleans 2017 S1 Interdisciplinary Symposium: The Evolution of Daubert and Its Effects on the Forensic Sciences Marla E. Carroll, BS*, Forensic Video & Audio Associates, Inc, 6919 W Broward Boulevard, Ste 222, Plantation, FL 33317; Linton Mohammed, PhD*, Forensic Science Consultants, Inc, 433 Airport Boulevard, Ste 406, Burlingame, CA 94010-2014; Stephanie Domitrovich, JD, PhD*, Sixth Judicial District of PA, Erie County Court House, 140 W 6th Street, Rm 223, Erie, PA 16501; W. Milton Nuzum, JD*, 65 S Front Street, Columbus, OH 43215; Stephen Goudge, LLB*, Paliare Roland Barristers, 155 Wellington Street, W, FL 35, Toronto, ON M5V 3H1, CANADA; Neal H. Haskell, PhD*, 425 Kannal Avenue, Rensselaer, IN 47978; Peter V. Tytell, BA*, Forensic Research, LLC, 15 Maiden Lane, Ste 308, New York, NY 10038-4017; Joseph J. Maltese, JD, PhD*, New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Judicial Dept, 26 Central Avenue, Ste 503, Staten Island, NY 10301; Barry C. Scheck, JD*, The Innocence Project, 40 Worth Street, Ste 701, New York, NY 10013; Mara L. Merlino, PhD*, 1066 Tamworth Lane, Frankfort, KY 40601; and John J. Lentini, BA*, Scientific Fire Analysis, LLC, 88005 Overseas Highway, #10-134, Islamorada, FL 33036 After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand how forensic science practitioners have addressed the evolution of Daubert and the reaction of the legal community as the standard has progressed. Attendees will be exposed to the challenges faced by forensic scientists and the research that is addressing criticisms. Furthermore, the Interdisciplinary Symposium will help attendees understand how the courts understand Daubert and how they address the admissibility of forensic practitioners and science. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by discussing the past, present, and future ramifications of the Daubert Trilogy on the admissibility of forensic evidence from the viewpoint of practitioners, attorneys, educators, and judges. Stephanie Domitrovich, JD, PhD; W. Milton Nuzum, JD - The American Bar Association (ABA) recently adopted a Resolution wherein the ABA urges the National Commission on Forensic Science to support the development of a model curriculum in the law and forensic science as well as training in that curriculum for federal, state, territorial, and tribal judges. The NAS recommended: “Better connections must be established and promoted between experts in the forensic science disciplines and law schools, legal scholars, and practitioners.” Specifically, the NAS Report further indicated: “And judges need to be better educated in forensic science methodologies and practices.” Consistent with these recommendations, presenters in this session will discuss the evolving developments in judicial education over the years in providing state and federal trial judges the necessary tools for their tool boxes to become better equipped to understand forensic scientific evidence issues in both Daubert and Frye jurisdictions. Judicial educators will discuss the design of such curricula to teach state and federal trial judges to become more competent gatekeepers when deciding scientific issues in all areas, for instance, civil, criminal, family, and orphans’ court. Judicial educators will also discuss implementing needs assessments, curricula development, and adult education principles as their latest tools in education theories to accomplish these goals. Stephen T. Goudge, LLB - This presentation will address the public inquiry Judge Goudge chaired into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario. The Inquiry was created by the government of Ontario because unreliable opinion evidence from this science had resulted in a number of wrongful convictions. In his report, Judge Goudge addressed the challenge of unreliable scientific opinion evidence and how the justice system could guard against it. Neal H. Haskell, PhD - The science of Forensic Entomology (FE) has regularly entered the courtroom in the United States within the past three decades. At first, it was perceived as a “new and novel science” using insects to answer questions regarding a human death. During this time, the Frye test of acceptability in courts was the 44 **PPrreesseennttiinngg AAuutthhoorr standard method of reliability. Only a handful of states had actually utilized FE in courts. This led to numerous challenges of its use in courts as more states sought use of FE, the gatekeepers being the justices on the bench. As was explained to each new state where testimony was given, whether Frye or Daubert, FE is nothing more than proven and reliable entomological scientific principles dating back to 1265 China in a murder case. Forensic application of entomology is one of the oldest sciences to be used in the courtroom. In short, FE is the use of biological aspects of entomology encompassing insect biology, insect behavior, insect growth and development, insect ecology, interacting with climatology and environmental biology, all of which have been studied for centuries and are fully accepted in the biological sciences. Peter V. Tytell, BA - One practical change in post-Daubert courtrooms has been at the voir dire stage of an expert’s appearance. Previously, opposing counsel would challenge the specifics of the education, training, and experience of the witness in an effort to disqualify that individual as an expert in a certain discipline (or at least lessen the witness’s credibility in the eyes of the jury). Today, the challenge is often to the reliability of the discipline itself rather than the qualifications of the witness as a practitioner. It is increasingly likely that the voir dire will be conducted outside the presence of the jury, and that it will be essentially indistinguishable from a Daubert hearing in content and intent. Today’s expert witness must be prepared not just to present the results of an examination and to explain the specifics of each of the findings, but must also be prepared to present the basis for the reliability of the discipline with specifics relating to each of the Daubert factors and the requirements of Rule 702. Of equal importance, today’s trial attorney must be prepared not just to present the facts of a case, but must also be prepared to ask the right questions of the expert and to present Daubert-appropriate references, citations, and arguments. This presentation will illustrate these changes as they relate to forensic document examiners with case examples highlighting problems that can arise in these situations. Joseph J. Maltese, JD, PhD - The expansion of Daubert and Kumho Tire standards into the Federal Rules of Evidence, and their adoption by many state courts, have served as a catalyst for the criminal defense bar to challenge the reliability of the “specialized knowledge” utilized in most of the forensic disciplines. With greater scrutiny being applied by the courts, many forensic disciplines have attempted to validate or revalidate their methodology and procedures to withstand objections raised by attorneys and skeptical judges about the admissibility of such evidence, which was rarely subject to objection before the Daubert revolution. This presentation will address some of these issues. Barry C. Scheck, JD - As the National Commission on Forensic Science recently acknowledged in a views document, protecting against cognitive bias through blind examinations and sequential unmasking is critical to conducting sound science. Forensic scientists, lawyers (prosecutors and defense), judges, and police officials must all take simple, systematic precautions to minimize the effects of cognitive bias in their investigations, scientific testing, and assessments of evidence. Fashioning judicial remedies to enforce best practices plays an important role in this process. Mara Merlino, PhD - This presentation will discuss the issues faced by forensic practitioners as the various forensic disciplines work to articulate and standardize education, training, and other practices to ensure that valid and reliable evidence is produced in service to the justice system. The process of the social construction of scientific knowledge and the impact of legal requirements on scientific “facts” that cross the boundary of admissibility to become scientific “evidence” will be discussed in the context of Daubert, Joiner, and Kumho decisions. John J. Lentini, BA - While Daubert challenges are becoming more and more common in all expert disciplines, fire investigation seems to attract a significant number of them. The first Daubert challenge occurred in 1997, in the case of Michigan Millers Mutual Ins. v. Janelle R. Benfield, when a fire investigator with 40 years of experience was precluded from testifying because he could not articulate the scientific method, even though he claimed to have used it. However, in the same case, a firefighter was allowed to render an opinion based on his “experience.” Courts have ruled on hundreds of Daubert challenges, including the Supreme Court. Sometimes the court gets the science completely wrong, as the 10th circuit did in the case of Truck Insurance Exchange, A Farmers Insurance Company v. Magnetek, Incorporated. They arrived at the correct result, but in so doing, completely confused a lot of other courts. 5 *Presenting Author The prevalence of Daubert challenges has led to a more general “Rule 702” challenge. In the past, challenges to fire investigators have focused mainly on methodology. There is a trend now toward challenging an investigator’s qualifications. After being unable to answer simple fire chemistry questions, an investigator is likely to be withdrawn and the case is likely to settle. Such cases will not result in new case law. In fire cases, the Daubert challenge is now as common as motions for summary judgment. This presentation will discuss several important fire-related Daubert cases and what they portend for the future of fire investigation. Daubert, Evidence, Admissibility 6 *Presenting Author S2 What Shapes Our Future?: Foundations and New Directions Brianna B. Bermudez, BS*, Michigan State University, Forensic Science Program, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Amanda R. Hale, MA*, North Carolina State University, 127 David Clark Labs, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695; Brittany N. Beyer, MS*, Houston Forensic Science Center, 1301 Fannin, Ste 170, Houston, TX 77002; Jeremy M. Manheim, 605 Driftwood Drive, E, # 200, Lafayette, IN 47905; Alex J. Krotulski, MS, Center for Forensic Science Research & Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090; Betzaida L. Maldonado, MSFS, 3433 N Druid Hills Road, Apt #S, Decatur, GA 30033; Alyssa J. Badgley, MS, Michigan State University, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824; Alicja K. Lanfear, PhD, Middle Tennessee State University, Dept of Biology, Box 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132; Vienna C. Lam, BA, Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CANADA; Kelsey A. Carpenter, MS, Mercyhurst University, Dept of Applied Forensic Sciences, Erie, PA 16546; Jacob Griffin, BS, 16665 Danville Road, Danville, IA 52623; Ashley E. Foster, MAS, Texas Department of Public Safety, 5800 Guadalupe Street, Bldg U, Austin, TX 78757; Roderick T. Kennedy, JD*, PO Box 7041, Albuquerque, NM 87194-7041; Dean Michael De Crisce, MD*, Special Treatment Unit, 15 Paddock Street, Avenel, NJ 07001; Peter R. Stout, PhD*, Houston Forensic Science Center, 1301 Fannin St Ste 170, Houston, TX 77002; Joan A. Bytheway, PhD*, Sam Houston State University, College of Criminal Justice, Box 2296, Huntsville, TX 77341-2296; Eugenia Cunha, PhD*, Universidade de Coimbra, Dept of Life Sciences, Forensic Anthropology Lab, Universidade de Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, PORTUGAL; Nicolene Lottering, PhD*, University of Adelaide, Medical School N, Lvl 3, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, AUSTRALIA; Jason H. Byrd, PhD*, University of Florida, Maples Center for Forensic Medicine, 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608; Jeri D. Ropero-Miller, PhD*, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, PO Box 12194, Bldg 7, Rm 211, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; Eric Baccino, MD*, Hopital Lapeyronie, 371, Av du Doyen Gaston GIRAUD, Montpellier, Cedex 5 34295, FRANCE; Gulnaz T. Javan, PhD*, Alabama State University, Forensic Science Program, 915 S Jackson Street, Montgomery, AL 36104; John M. Butler, PhD*, NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 4701, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; Kimberly S. Kobojek, MS*, ASU New College, Arizona State University-W Campus, PO Box 37100, Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100; Megan E. Grimes, MFS*, 5187 Salt Pond Place, Woodbridge, VA 22193; Lauren Traveller, DNP*, 725 S Hualapai Way, #2037, Las Vegas, NV 89145; Tabidrik A. Reed, MSFS, AFOSI 4th Field Investigations Squadron, Unit 3023, APO, AE ; Barry K. Logan, PhD*, NMS Labs/CFSRE, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090; C. Ken Williams, MS, JD*, NJSP Office of Forensic Sciences, Central Regional Laboratory, 1200 Negron Drive, Hamilton, NJ 08691; and Cheryl D. Hunter, 403 Pioneer Creek Drive, Florissant, CO 80816 After attending this presentation, attendees will better understand the different forensic science disciplines as well as the current issues in the field of forensic science. Additionally, attendees will have the opportunity to listen to prominent scientists share their experiences, cases, and thoughts on the future directions of the field. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by providing a forum for young scientists to learn more about the field, share their ideas, and network with other professionals. The purpose of the Young Forensic Scientists Forum Special Session is to educate college students and young professionals about the exciting field of forensic science. In addition to the presentations given by Academy members, the session provides attendees with information regarding AAFS membership and mentorship opportunities. The Bring Your Own Slides and Bring Your Own Posters Sessions will give young scientists the opportunity to present their research, and the Breakfast Session will connect attendees with established professionals for résumé reviews and feedback. The 2017 YFSF Special Session entitled, What Shapes Our Future? Foundations and New Directions, is a day-long session scheduled for Tuesday, February 14, that features speakers from many Academy sections. Topics will include current issues in various fields of forensic sciences, as well as forthcoming changes in these fields. Attendees will learn about Academy membership and will have the opportunity to build professional relationships through networking and mentorship. This special session will also showcase two Forensic Sciences Foundation, Inc. Emerging Forensic Scientist Award winners, who will be presenting their award-winning papers. 7 *Presenting Author The Bring Your Own Posters (BYOP) and Bring Your Own Slides (BYOS) Sessions are two opportunities provided by the YFSF for students and young scientists to present their research. The BYOP Session will take place the evening of Tuesday, February 14, and the BYOS will be held on the evening of Wednesday, February 15. YFSF does not require presenters of YFSF BYOS and BYOP Sessions to be members of AAFS and does not require they attend the special session, but they are encouraged to do so. The program will conclude on Thursday, February 16, with the annual YFSF Breakfast Session which includes a résumé review panel. Attendees of the breakfast session must be registered for the YFSF Special Session. The Breakfast Session on Thursday morning will feature two speakers, followed by a Question and Answer Session. The theme for the Breakfast Session is Professionalism and Etiquette “Eggs-pectations” and will cover topics in courtroom conduct and testimony. Attendees will then have the opportunity to meet with established AAFS members and receive feedback on their résumés. YFSF, Education, Mentorship 8 *Presenting Author BREAKFAST SEMINARS New Orleans 2017 BS1 The Mummies of Central New York — A Unique Experience for a Medical Examiner’s Office Ronald Brunelli*, Onondaga County Medical Examiner, 100 Elizabeth Blackwell Street, Syracuse, NY 13210; and Robert Stoppacher, MD*, 100 Elizabeth Blackwell Street, Syracuse, NY 13210 After attending this presentation, attendees will learn about the unique opportunity the Onondaga County Medical Examiner’s Office had in examining two Egyptian mummies. Participants will be able to understand how a multidisciplinary approach led to interesting historical findings as well as a cancer diagnosis. The cancer diagnosis discussion will ask the question, “Does this diagnosis change theories that cancer is a result of modern lifestyles and environment?” This presentation will impact the forensic science community by explaining: (1) how the medical examiner’s office examined two Egyptian mummies; (2) the collaborative efforts of other forensic science disciplines; and, (3) the modern forensic techniques that lead to interesting historical information and possible information for the future. Medical examiner personnel often see the effects of human mummification in their daily operation. This postmortem change typically occurs on human bodies that have been left in a dry, hot environment for a period of time. This type of postmortem change is often referred to as natural mummification. From 6000 B.C. to 600 A.D., ancient Egyptians were known to have been the first civilization to perform preservation of not only dead humans, but also non-human remains such as cats and birds. This preservation process was performed by removing the brain, evisceration, immersion, dehydration, and wrapping the body in cloth. Egypt’s desert environment aided this mummification process. This is an example of artificial mummification. The Onondaga County Medical Examiner’s Office had the opportunity to examine two Egyptian mummies. One mummy was a mummified head that had been found during an estate auction of a World War II United States Army veteran. He had found the head in a castle while he was stationed in Germany and brought it home at the end of his tour. Research revealed that Napoleon stowed two mummy heads there during his raid of Egypt. After this invasion, Napoleon had been known to stay in this castle on his way back to France. The other mummy was a full body that had been on display at a local library’s Egyptian exhibit. This mummy had been brought to this community in the 1800s by a well-known wealthy citizen of this village. When he died, his Last Will and Testament was read in which this mummy and other Egyptian artifacts were donated to the library. The forensic disciplines involved in these examinations were pathology, anthropology, trace evidence, chemistry, and radiology. Carbon dating was also performed. Information from these disciplines revealed information about the age at time of death, the possible eras in which these people lived, and their possible status in society. The full body mummy was determined to have had cancer. Does this cancer revelation provide humans with any information about future cancer research? The routine day-to-day death investigations at a medical examiner’s office often involve decedents who have been naturally mummified; however, it is a unique experience for a moderate-sized office to have the opportunity to examine two Egyptian mummies within a one-year time frame. This presentation will discuss this involvement. Mummies, Radiology, History 9 *Presenting Author BS2 Analysis of Black-and-White Documents — Seeing Beyond the Monochrome Irina Geiman, MS*, United States Secret Service, Criminal Investigative Division, 950 H Street, NW, Ste 5000, Washington, DC 20223; Julia M. Barker, MSFS*, USSS CID, 950 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20223; and Amanda Moffett, MFS*, 9611 Laurel Oak Place, Fairfax Station, VA 22039 After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the basic scientific methodology used in the forensic examination of black-and-white documents. Attendees will have an opportunity to learn how physical, optical, and chemical analyses are utilized in the examination of inks, toners, and papers. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by demonstrating the importance of using the best analytical practices in the scientific analysis of questioned documents. This presentation will discuss the application of Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), Attenuated Total Reflectance/Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR/ FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy in the analysis of inks, toners, and papers. This presentation will also showcase how the evolution of forensic document examination techniques has improved sample discrimination through the expanded use of analytical chemistry and statistical analysis. Forensic examination of documents commonly includes microscopic analysis utilizing white light and other energy sources such as Ultraviolet (UV) and Infrared (IR). Although this level of examination may be sufficient for the analysis of color inks and papers, in many instances it does not provide enough discriminating power to differentiate components of black-and-white documents. For example, black toners often appear similar microscopically with the possible difference of fusing patterns. Black inks may, to an extent, be distinguished based on their physical and optical characteristics and white papers may contain IR luminescent fibers or UV brighteners, allowing for a certain degree of discrimination. While optical examinations provide a wealth of information, it is prudent to recognize their limitations, such as false positive results from document contamination or alteration. The best practice is to continue with chemical analyses upon completion of the physical and optical examinations. Optimally, a suite of analytical techniques should be used to evaluate various aspects of the sample, including colorants, resins, and elemental composition. For example, TLC is a well-established technique for the analysis of soluble colorants in inks and brighteners in papers. It is also successfully used to evaluate resins and waxes found in toner particles. FTIR spectroscopy is employed to characterize toner polymers and paper coatings. XRF spectroscopy is used to examine elemental composition of analytes and may allow discrimination of papers and toners based on concentrations of iron, silicon, sulfur, titanium, or other elements. This presentation will demonstrate that chemical examination of black-and-white documents provides a significant amount of information that may be crucial in discriminating samples. As forensic examination of documents has progressed significantly over the past century and moved from penmanship teachers conducting physical examinations using a loupe to highly trained chemists performing analyses using sophisticated instrumentation, it is important to employ the current best practices, which include a full spectrum of techniques. Ink Analysis, Toner Analysis, Paper Analysis 10 *Presenting Author