10277-America in WWI 11/12/03 3:28 PM Page i AMERICA IN WORLD WAR I 10277-America in WWI 11/12/03 3:28 PM Page ii Also by the Authors By Donald M. Goldstein and Harry J. Maihafer: The Korean War: The Story and Photographs(2000) By Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, with J. Michael Wenger: The Way It Was: Pearl Harbor: The Original Photographs(1991) D-Day Normandy: The Story and Photographs(1993) “Nuts!” The Battle of the Bulge: The Story and Photographs(1994) Rain of Ruin: The Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bombs(1995) The Vietnam War: The Story and Photographs(1997) The Spanish-American War: The Story and Photographs(1998) By Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon: The Williwaw War(1992) The Pearl Harbor Papers: Inside the Japanese Plans(1993) Amelia: The Centennial Biography of an Aviation Pioneer(1997) By Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, with Gordon W. Prange: At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor(1981) Miracle at Midway(1982) Target Tokyo: The Story of the Sorge Spy Ring(1984) Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History(1987) December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor(1988) God’s Samurai: Lead Pilot at Pearl Harbor(1990) By Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, with Masataka Chihaya: Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki(1991) By Donald M. Goldstein, Phil Williams, and J. M. Shafritz: Classic Readings of International Relations(2000) By Donald M. Goldstein, Phil Williams, and Hank Andrews: Security in Korea: War, Stalemate and Negation(1994) By Harry J. Maihafer: From the Hudson to the Yalu: West Point ’49 in the Korean War(1993) Brave Decisions: Moral Courage from the Revolutionary War to Desert Storm(1995) Oblivion: The Mystery of West Point Cadet Richard Cox(1997) The General and the Journalists: Ulysses S. Grant, Horace Greeley, and Charles Dana(1998) War of Words: Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War Press(2001) 10277-America in WWI 11/12/03 3:28 PM Page iii AMERICA IN WORLD WAR I The Story and Photographs Donald M. Goldstein and Harry J. Maihafer Brassey’s, Inc. Washington, D.C. 10277-America in WWI 11/24/03 11:23 AM Page iv Copyright © 2004 by Prange Enterprises Published in the United States by Brassey’s, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldstein, Donald M. America in World War I : the story and photographs / Donald M. Goldstein and Harry J. Maihafer.—1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57488-390-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 1-57488-615-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. World War, 1914–1918—United States—Pictorial works. I. Title: America in World War I. II. Title: America in World War One. III. Maihafer, Harry J. (Harry James), 1924– IV. Title. D570.G65 2003 940.3'73'0222—dc21 2002156281 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Institute Z39-48 Standard. Brassey’s, Inc. 22841 Quicksilver Drive Dulles, Virginia 20166 Maps by Jay Karamales First Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10277-America in WWI 11/24/03 11:23 AM Page v Contents Maps vii Preface ix Introduction xi 1 Europe Ablaze 1 2 America Enters the Ring 17 3 The War at Sea 31 4 Getting the Boys “Over There” 41 5 Training in France 53 6 The Tools of War 71 7 Yanks in the Trenches 87 8 The Home Front 103 9 The Crucial Months: March–July 1918 113 10 The Air War 127 11 Meuse-Argonne, the Final Push: August–November 1918 139 12 The Aftermath 155 Chronology 165 Selected Bibliography 167 Index 169 About the Authors 173 Contents v 10277-America in WWI 11/12/03 3:28 PM Page vi 10277-America in WWI 11/12/03 3:28 PM Page vii Maps Europe during WWI viii The Western Front 1918 140 Maps vii 10277-America in WWI 11/12/03 3:28 PM Page viii 10277-America in WWI 11/24/03 11:23 AM Page ix Preface This is the eighth in Brassey’s series of photographic books titled “America Goes to War.” Six of the previous volumes were written by Donald M. Goldstein, Katherine V. Dillon, and J. Michael Wenger. These previous volumes were: The Way It Was: Pearl Harbor, D-Day Normandy, “Nuts!”: The Battle of the Bulge, Rain of Ruin: A Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, The Vietnam War,and The Spanish American War. The Korean War and this volume were written by Donald M. Goldstein and Harry J. Maihafer, a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, a retired Army officer, and a combat veteran who passed away before this work was completed. We divided the current volume into twelve chapters. Chapter 1, “Europe Ablaze,” describes the war in Europe before the United States’s entry. Chapter 2, “America Enters the Ring,” describes the events leading to the United States’s decision to enter the war. Chap- ter 3, “The War at Sea,” relates the early days of the war at sea and the American decision to enter the war because of German U-boat actions. Chapter 4, “Getting the Boys ‘Over There,’” depicts the largest mobilization up to that time in U.S. history. Chapter 5, “Training in France,” shows how U.S. ground forces trained and were integrated into the war effort. Chapter 6, “Tools of War,” de- scribes some of the weapons used by both sides that made this one of the bloodiest wars in history and which led to many modern-day weapons. Chapter 7, “Yanks in the Trenches,” describes U.S. involvement during her early days in the war. Chapter 8, “The Home Front,” describes Americans at home during the war. Chap- ter 9, “The Crucial Months: March–July 1918,” relates the harsh fighting that took place during the last days of the war and the American contributions to the war effort. Chapter 10, “The Air War,” depicts this new and modern phase of warfare that was the birth of the airplane in combat. Emphasis is placed on the roles of Eddie Rickenbacker and the Red Baron (Baron von Richtofen). Chapter 11, “Meuse-Argonne, the Final Push: August–November 1918,” relates the final months of the war. Chapter 12, “The After- math,” discusses the Versailles Treaty and its consequences. Although we attempt to present the story of “the Great War” in Preface ix