mm A R R A T V I H S T H Y I () GEORGE BROWN TINDALL America .,-^t $960* ?/ ?r .^ America NARRATIVE A HISTORY VOLUME I GEORGE BROWN TINDALL W W NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON . • • • Copyright© 1984byW.W. Norton &Company,Inc. All rightsreserved. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada byPenguinBooksCanadaLtd, 2801JohnStreet,Markham,OntarioL3R1B4 Thetextofthisbook iscomposedin Caledonia, with display typesetin TorinoRoman. Composition by New England Ty- pographic Service, Inc. Manufacturing by R R. Donnelley. BookdesignbyAntoninaKrass. LibraryofCongressCatalogingin PublicationData Tindall, GeorgeBrown. America: anarrativehistory. Includesbibliographiesandindex. 1. UnitedStates—History. I. Title. E178.1.T55 1984 973 83-22165 ISBN D-3=^3-TS3Sb-M W. W. Norton&Company,Inc., 500 FifthAvenue, NewYork, N. Y. 10110 W. W. Norton &CompanyLtd., 37 GreatRussellStreet,LondonWCIB3NU 67890 34 5 For Bruceand Susan AND For Blair Timepresentandtimepast Areboth perhapspresentin time future. Andtimefuturecontainedin timepast. T.S.Eliot,FourQuartets CONTENTS Preface • xiii Acknowledgments • xv 1 The Collision of Cultures i I PRE-COLUMBIAN INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS 3 EUROPEAN VISIONSOFAMERICA lO • THE NORSE DISCOVERIES 11 • THEEMERGENCEOFEUROPE I3 THEVOYAGES OFCOLUMBUS 15 • THEGREAT BIOLOGICAL EXCHANGE I9 • PROFESSIONALEXPLORERS 22 • THESPANISH EMPIRE 24 • THE PROTESTANTREFORMATION 30 • CHALLENGES TO SPANISH EMPIRE 33 • FURTHERREADING 39 2 England and Her Colonies 42 I THEENGLISH BACKGROUND 42 * SETTLINGTHECHESAPEAKE 47 SETTLING NEWENGLAND 56 • THEENGLISH CIVILWAR IN AMERICA 66 • SETTLINGTHECAROLINAS 69 • SETTLINGTHE MIDDLECOLONIES ANDGEORGIA 73 • THRIVING COLONIES 81 FURTHER READING 84 3 ColonialWays ofLife 86 ! THESHAPEOFEARLYAMERICA 86 * SOCIETYANDECONOMYINTHE SOUTHERN COLONIES 93 • SOCIETYAND ECONOMYIN NEW ENGLAND IO3 • SOCIETYAND ECONOMY INTHEMIDDLE COLONIES 111 • COLONIALCITIES I16 THEENLIGHTENMENT II9 • THEGREATAWAKENING I24 FURTHERREADING I28 via • Contents 4 The Imperial Perspective 131 I ENGLISHADMINISTRATION OFTHECOLONIES I3I • COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS I4O * TROUBLED NEIGHBORS I44 • THECOLONIAL WARS 152 • FURTHER READING 164 5 From Empire to Independence 166 THE HERITAGEOFWAR l66 • BRITISH POLITICS l68 • WESTERN LANDS 169 • GRENVILLEANDTHESTAMPACT 1/2 * FANNINGTHE FLAMES 180 • DISCONTENTON THEFRONTIER 186 * AWORSENING CRISIS 188 • SHIFTINGAUTHORITY I94 • INDEPENDENCE 200 FURTHERREADING 203 6 The American Revolution 206 ! Washington's narrow escape 206 • American society at WAR 209 • 1777: SETBACKS FOR the BRITISH 213 * I778: BOTH SIDESREGROUP 217 • THEWAR IN THESOUTH 221 NEGOTIATIONS 227 * ^HEPOLITICALREVOLUTION 23O THESOCIALREVOLUTION 233 * EMERGENCE OFAN AMERICAN CULTURE 239 • FURTHER READING 244 7 Shaping a Federal Union 246 ! THE CONFEDERATION 246 * ADOPTINGTHE CONSTITUTION 263 FURTHERREADING 276 8 The Federalists: Washington and Adams 279 I A NEW GOVERNMENT 279 • HAMILTON SVISION OFAMERICA 284 THEREPUBLICAN ALTERNATIVE 293 * CRISESFOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 296 • THE ADAMS YEARS 3O7 • FURTHERREADING 317 9 Republicanism: Jefferson and Madison 320 I ANEWCAPITAL 32O * JEFFERSON IN OFFICE 322 * DIVISIONSIN THEREPUBLICANPARTY 334 • WARIN EUROPE 338 THEWAROFl8l2 343 • FURTHERREADING 357