NFS Form 10-9OO-b (Jan. 1991) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service X New Submission _ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Historic and Architectural Properties of Anaconda, Montana B. Associated Historic Contexts Early Settlement and Community Development, 1883-1920 Transportation, 1890-1951 Ethnic Heritage, 1883-1945 Community Planning and Development, 1883-1945 Development of Commerce and Industry, 1883-1945 Smelting Industry, 1883-1945 Labor Relations, 1883-1945 Architect-designed Buildings 1883-1945 Influence of Federal Government, 1899-1982 Social and Cultural Development, 1883-1945 Movement of Buildings, 1883-1945 C. Form Prepared By Name/Title: Kimberly Currie Morrison Organization: Montana State Historic Preservation Office Date: December, 1995 Street & Number: 1410 Eighth Avenue, P.O. Box 201202 Telephone: (406)444-7715 City or Town: Helena State: Montana Zip: 59620-1202 D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission rements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Archaeology and Historic e continuation sheet fiftr additional comments.) Signature of certifying official Date MONTANA STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE_____________ State or Federal agency and bureau______________________________________ I, hereby, certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. Signature of the Keeper of }fjayonal Register I/ NPS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic & Architectural Properties of Anaconda Section number E___________________Deer Lodge County, Montana__________________________Page 1 E. STATEMENT OF HISTORIC CONTEXTS INTRODUCTION The City of Anaconda, with a current population of 10,536, is located twenty-six miles west of Butte along State Highway 1 in Warm Springs Canyon, a ten-mile side valley of the southern Deer Lodge Valley in southwestern Montana. The Continental Divide lies approximately ten miles to the south, and the City, which has an altitude of 5,335 feet, is bounded by the Anaconda-Pintlar and Flint Creek Mountain Ranges, which arise from the Rocky Mountain Complex.1 Rolling, grassy hillsides form the immediate northern and southern boundaries of the town. Two large snow-capped peaks dominate the surrounding mountain ranges: Mount Powell, located directly north of Anaconda in the Flint Creek range, rises 10,171 feet; Mount Haggin, which stands guard above the town in the Anaconda-Pintlar range to the southwest, displays an elevation of 10,865 feet. The Deer Lodge Valley is approximately fifty miles long and ten miles wide. Originally sculpted by a prehistoric lake and glaciation, the present valley floor was formed by the erosion of modern streams approximately two-and-one-half million years ago.2 hi addition to the opposing hillsides and high mountain peaks surrounding Anaconda, other dominant features of the valley include the Warm Springs Mound, lying approximately eight miles northeast of Anaconda; Georgetown Lake, located approximately eighteen miles west of Anaconda; and Warm Springs Creek, a spring-fed high-mountain stream that is approximately 20 miles in length and meanders through Warm Springs Canyon and the northern edge of the town from Silver Lake to the Clark Fork River. The Warm Springs Mound is a cone-shaped, hot spring-fed butte, approximately 30 feet high that is geographically related to the Yellowstone Geyser System of Wyoming. The existence of the Mound, in conjunction with the large numbers of white-tail deer that took advantage of the springs' warm steam and salt deposits, gave the valley its name, It-soc'ke en car'ne, a Shoshoni word defined as "white-tailed deer's lodge," so named by the Shoshoni and other local Native American tribes that frequently traversed the valley until the late nineteenth century. Georgetown Lake is a reservoir that was created in 1885 when an earthen dam was constructed across Flint Creek by the Montana Water Electric and Power .Company. A masonry dam was constructed in 1901, and today Georgetown Lake, with a surface area of 2,678 acres and almost nineteen miles of shoreline, is one of the most popular recreation spots in Montana.3 Warm Springs Creek, with its accessibility, water abundance, and water quality, was one of the primary factors in Marcus Daly's decision to locate the smelter in the Upper Deer Lodge Valley. The spring- and snow-fed creek became a major attribute to the Anaconda Company's first smelting works on the north side of town. The average annual precipitation for Anaconda and the vicinity is approximately fourteen inches. Soil varies from light to dark sandy loam with some clay or gravelly subsoils. Native vegetation in the Deer Lodge Valley includes a diverse mosaic of forest, shrub and grassland associations. Mixed forests located in the area are composed of a variety of different trees, dominated primarily by Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, spruce and some alpine firs. Shrub associations include both willow and birch flats, which appear in the bogs and The Anaconda-Pintler Mountain Range and Wilderness area was named in 1937 for Charles Ellsworth Pintler, one of the first settlers of the Big Hole Valley located southeast of Anaconda. 2Alt, David & Hyndman, Donald W. Roadside Geology of Montana. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company, 1986. 168. Deer Lodge & Granite County Committees for Rural Development. Georgetown Lake Pre-studv. Anaconda, MT: unpub. report, 1974, 6. IMPS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic & Architectural Properties of Anaconda Section number E___________________Deer Lodge County, Montana__________________________Page 2 other wetlands of the valley. Grassland associations consist primarily of wheat grass, bunch grass and sage brush. A majority of the vegetative landscape remains scarred by air pollution from the smelting works in Anaconda. Almost one hundred years of noxious smelter smoke, dust and residues decimated local foliage and damaged the rich soil of agricultural properties in the immediate area. Since the Washoe Works was permanently closed in September of 1980, native foliage has slowly begun to reappear on the surrounding hillsides of the town. Much of the land that surrounds the Deer Lodge Valley is federally managed. The Deer Lodge National Forest bounds Anaconda, while the scenic Anaconda-Pintlar Wilderness area is located southwest of town. Southwestern Montana is more closely linked to the Pacific Northwest by climate, geography and economy than to eastern Montana. EARLY SETTLEMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, 1883-1920 Due to its geographic isolation and extreme semi-arid/semi-alpine climate, the Deer Lodge Valley, like many of the high mountain valleys in Montana, was one of the last areas in the trans-Mississippi west to be settled by white pioneers. Traversed for centuries by regional native peoples, the Deer Lodge Valley was a frequently used corridor through which traveling parties passed between their winter grounds and their summer hunting camps on the plains of south-central Montana.4 It is evident, however, that traders and trappers from the Hudson's Bay Company and the American Fur Company entered the area not long after Lewis and Clark's journey through Montana in 1806; a few descriptive accounts of the valley and the Anaconda area were written by these mountain men and still exist. The first written account of the valley surfaced during a trapping expedition by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1825. Peter Skene Ogden and a small party of trappers appear to have been the first white travelers in the Deer Lodge Valley. Ogden's written accounts describe a "hilly country [and a] fine plain" that had not yet been trapped by white fur trappers.5 Warren Ferris, an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company, entered the Deer Lodge Valley in 1831, but mentioned little about the physical attributes of the area; he did, however, note that he had encountered a friendly band of the Pend O'Reille tribe and that they had traded.6 John Work, another trapper, entered the valley during the winter of 1831-1832, camping near the present site of the town of Deer Lodge. He noted in his journal that both Native American and white fur trappers had almost depleted the beaver in the valley's creeks, indicating that trapping had been actively pursued in the valley following its discovery during Ogden's expedition.7 By 1833, trapping in the valley ceased because of the low supply of beaver. Again, the valley became isolated from white encroachment. For nearly twenty years, the'area remained almost entirely uninhabited, with only the occasional passing of a Native American band or a French Canadian trader. The Bannock, Pend O'Reille, Blackfeet, Flathead, Spokane, Couer d'Alene, Kootenai, Shosoni and Nez Perce tribes traveled frequently through the Deer Lodge Valley. Peter Skene Ogden's Snake Country Journals. 1824-25 and 1825-26. E. E. Rich, ed. London, England: The Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1950., 70-71 as quoted by Carrie Johnson in the Regional Historic Preservation Plan. Historical Overview and Draft Context. Anaconda, MT: Anaconda-Deer Lodge County/Silver Bow County, 1994, Unpublished. Ferris, Warren. Life in the Rockv Mountains. Paul C. Phillips, ed. Denver, CO: no pub. listed, 1940,109. 7Work, John. The Journal of John Work. William S. Lewis & Paul C. Phillips, ed. Cleveland, OH: no publisher listed. 1923,90. NPS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic & Architectural Properties of Anaconda Section number E____________________Deer Lodge County, Montana__________________________Page 3 The isolated status of the area began to change in 1852 with the discovery of gold in the northern part of the valley by Francois Finley near present day Gold Creek. This discovery, however, was not substantial, and word of the gold spread slowly. Few miners journeyed northward to the valley until 1860, when Granville Stuart marked a more profitable claim near Finley's find and sent word to his brother Thomas in the mining districts of Colorado that the Deer Lodge Valley was abundant in gold. Armed with Stuart's information, hundreds of miners traveled northward, scouring the valley for other potential mining claims. Within two years, two prosperous mining camps had sprouted roots in the valley: American Fork, along Gold Creek, was established by Stuart, his brother James, and Rezin Anderson in November of 1860 and had experienced such great success by the summer of 1862, that a mercantile store was established by Hells Gate (Missoula) proprietors Worden and Higgins. Spanish Fork, also known as Cottonwood, La Barge City, Idaho City, and later, Deer Lodge City, was established during the winter of 1860-61 by Thomas Lavatta, Joseph Hill, and Alejo Barasta of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company.8 By the end of the decade, approximately seven area mining camps and other associated communities had emerged in the Deer Lodge Valley, including Pioneer, Race Track and Blackfoot City, all of which were mining camps, as well as Dempsey (Dublin), Warm Springs, Gregson (Fairmont Hot Springs), and Grantsville (Garrison), which were originally established as farms or ranches. The publicity about the Deer Lodge Valley following the discovery of gold recruited farmers and ranchers to the area as early as 1859. Johnny Grant established Grantsville, the first permanent settlement in the Deer Lodge Valley during that year at the confluence of the Little Blackfoot and Clark Fork Rivers. Grant had selected the location for its lush grazing lands and its reputation as a profitable trading corridor. Some historians have speculated that Grant had several Native American wives, whom he used to gain trading favors from the various tribes that used the Deer Lodge Valley corridor.9 The discovery of gold and the new markets opening up because of the influx of miners into the area attracted Johnny Grant to the fledgling town of Deer Lodge City, which he saw as a new bastion of opportunity. Grantsville was briefly abandoned in 1862, when Grant moved his several thousand head of cattle to Deer Lodge City along Cottonwood Creek and established a large ranch, now known as the Grant-Kohrs Ranch. But the town rebounded in 1883 with the completion of the Northern Pacific Railway through the site to Gold Creek. Grantsville was renamed Garrison, for William Lloyd Garrison, the father-in-law of Henry Villard, who had pushed the railway line to completion. It became a bustling depot town and a permanent settlement with two hotels, two brick plants, and a school in addition to the railroad depot. Several residences also replaced the few log cabins that had occupied the site prior to 1883.10 Other prosperous cattle ranching operations were established in the valley by the mid-1860s. Miners in the many new camps in the Deer Lodge Valley produced large markets for meat, produce, livestock, feed supply and hauling services. Men such as James J. Brown, William E. Norton, and Morgan Evans established large, productive farms and ranches in the Deer Lodge Valley. Evans, a colleague of Marcus Daly's who was charged with the initial purchases of land for the sites of Daly's smelter and the townsite of Anaconda, settled west of Anaconda in 1865, later occupying an 800-acre ranching "community" with a post office and a school at the Speck, Virginia Lee. The History of the Deer Lodge Valley to 1870. unpub. Masters's Thesis, Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, 1946. 63. 9 Ibid. 55. Historic Action Committee. Powell Countv: Where It All Began. Dorene Courchene, ed. Deer Lodge, MT: Powell County Museum and Arts Foundation, 1989. 55. NPS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic & Architectural Properties of Anaconda Section number E___________________Deer Lodge County, Montana__________________________Page 4 mouth of Mill Creek.11 Of the small camps and communities in the area, the town of Deer Lodge became the most prosperous and permanent of the early settlements in the Deer Lodge Valley preceding the establishment of Anaconda. Located on Cottonwood Creek in the central portion of the valley, the small mining camp soon became a thriving supply hub for the booming mining districts and cattle ranches in the Valley and in the Hells Gate Country (the Missoula area) to the northwest. The town was given a number of different names during its early years, but in 1862 the Deer Lodge Town Company was organized by Granville and James Stuart, John Pemberton, Leon Quesnell, Louis Dischneaux, and Frank Truchet, giving the camp its lasting name. 640 acres were surveyed and appropriated for distribution.12 The following year the town became the county seat of Deer Lodge County, a part of the newly-created Idaho Territory. Although some began to refer to the camp as Idaho City, the name soon reverted to Deer Lodge when the county became a part of the Montana Territory in May of 1864; subsequently, the county seat was removed temporarily to a nearby mining camp (Butte) on Silver Bow Creek, southwest of Deer Lodge. Deer Lodge City's commercial dominance of the surrounding area began in 1863, when the first store was established in the town. By the end of 1865, the town boasted nearly 120 cabins and residences, four stores, two saw mills, a brewery, several saloons, corrals, and hotels.13 Deer Lodge proprietors were supplying approximately seven nearby mining camps and ranching communities. Although $23,267,000 in gold was extracted from the county between 1862 and 1878, it was the cattle industry, not mining, that secured Deer Lodge City's place as a leading business center in the Montana Territory.14 The thriving community was aided by the wealth and dynasty of cattle baron Conrad Kohrs, who turned from prospecting to butchering in 1864. Kohrs purchased 400 head of cattle during that year, which he placed on a small ranch at Race Track. After evaluating the demands of miners in the area for meat, Kohrs began acquiring more land and cattle and began production. His acquisitions culminated in August, 1866 with his purchase of the Johnny Grant ranch adjacent to Deer Lodge City. This large operation catapulted Deer Lodge to the top of the commercial and cattle industries in southwestern Montana, and encouraged other proprietors and ranchers such as Nicholas Bielenberg and Granville Stuart to take stock in the ranching and butchering businesses. By 1863, stock-rising in the vicinity of Deer Lodge had become a mature and prosperous industry, approximately 25,000 head of cattle grazed the valley's range lands by 1879, while 25,000 acres were improved for farming.15 Kohrs himself held over 4,000 acres of grazing land in the valley by the early 1880s. Although a sense of permanence came with commercial advancement, the town plat for Deer Lodge City was not filed until 1869, when local residents were certain that the town had long outgrown its boom town/mining camp phase. With its thriving commercial district, finely landscaped gardens, stately residences, and large numbers of families, Deer Lodge had become a mature community and a stable commercial center. A Catholic church had been established in 1866, and a county courthouse had been built in 1868 after the county seat was moved from Silver Bow to Deer Lodge; a federal post office also accommodated the growing number of settlers who were moving to Deer Lodge or claiming homesteads in the valley. Johnson, Carrie. Regional Historic Preservation Plan. Historical Overview and Draft Context. Anaconda, MT: Anaconda-Deer Lodge County/Silver Bow County, 1994, Unpublished. II-5. 12 Speck. 69. 13 Ibid. 70. Historic Action Committee. 118. 14 Gazetteer. 1884-1885: Minnesota. Dakota. Montana. 1136. Montana Territory History and Business Directory. 1879,111. NFS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic & Architectural Properties of Anaconda Section number E____________________Deer Lodge County, Montana__________________________Page 5 The town of Deer Lodge continued to prosper despite the decline of placer mining in the region during the early 1870s. Mineral extraction in the state of Montana during this time period, however, experienced new growth ~ away from placer mining and the "pick and shovel" process to the extraction of other minerals, such as silver and copper, through the use of new technology. The inventions of heavy machinery such as pumps, hoists, and drills made the development of hard-rock mining possible, and the copious veins of quartz that were found southeast of Deer Lodge in Silver Bow Butte led many miners to that mining city in the early 1870s. Marcus Daly, an Irish immigrant miner and agent for the Walker Brothers' Company, a mining organization from Salt Lake City, Utah, was attracted to the prospective claims in Butte. He arrived in 1876 to appraise the mining properties in the area, which was fast becoming the most prosperous and populous quartz mining camp in the state. Daly, who had many years of experience in managing and appraising such properties in California, Nevada, and Utah, reported the potential of the Alice Mine in Butte to the Walker Brothers, who summarily purchased the property with Daly, making him the on-site acting superintendent. Although the Alice Mine did not produce an astronomical amount of ore, it earned a successful reputation among industrial capitalists. In addition to favorably evaluating the growing profits from the area, out-of-state investors viewed the planned expansion of the Utah and Northern railroad into Butte (in 1881) positively. The success of the Alice mine, and the network of investors that he had developed while prospecting in California, encouraged Marcus Daly to move on to more profitable ventures. Daly left the Walker Brothers in 1880 and sold his interest in the Alice. With the capital investment of $30,000 from three prosperous San Francisco mining entrepreneurs George Hearst, James Ben Ali Haggin, and Lloyd Tevis Daly purchased the Anaconda, a profitable silver mine on the Butte Hill.16 In early 1882, miners struck a gigantic vein of copper sulfide ore 300 feet below the surface that was thirty percent pure. Daly, excited about this discovery, asked his principal investors for a larger commitment of capital to develop mining properties in Butte. Daly also had in mind the future construction of a smelter and refinery to process the copious quantities of ore that the Anaconda Mine was producing. The impeccable timing of this copper discovery coincided with the development of, and demand for, copper wiring in both the electric light bulb and the telephone, putting the copper market on the verge of a boom. And Daly was certain to capitalize. As a result of his luck, timing, opportunity, and savvy knowledge of the mining industry, Marcus Daly was able to convince the trio of investors to commit more money to the Butte properties and to the research and development of a large-scale smelting and refinery works that would process the ore. During the research and development phases of Dafy's plans, he was forced to ship his high-grade ore to the East Coast and overseas to have it processed. Between 1882 and 1884, the latter being the year in which the Reduction Works in Anaconda was completed, nearly 37,000 tons of ore were shipped elsewhere by the Anaconda Copper and Silver Mining Company.17 Because of the industrial and population boom that Butte experienced in the 1870s and early 1880s, Daly rejected the town as a suitable location for a reduction works. He instead began to search the outlying areas for a site that was easily accessible and could supply the abundant amounts of timber and water that were necessary to sustain such an industrial complex. 16 Quivik,Fred. Anaconda Old Works. National Register Nomination. Unpub. Helena, MT: MTSHPO, 1984. Sections, pg.l Van West, Carroll. A Traveler's Companion to Montana History. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1986,170. Daly's syndicate was identified as the Anaconda Copper and Silver Mining Company in formal documents signed in 1884. NPS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic & Architectural Properties of Anaconda Section number E___________________Deer Lodge County, Montana__________________________Page 6 Two sites were originally considered for the reduction works and smelter: a piece of land in the Big Hole Valley, which was bonded in late 1882, and a location on Lower Warm Springs Creek at its confluence with the Blackfoot River, which was located in November, 1882 and partially purchased from the Jacob Hartwell Ranch in January, 1883.18 After considering these two locations, the Anaconda Copper and Silver Mining Company decided on the Upper Warm Springs site at the end of April, 1883, when the area was surveyed. By the end of May, the remaining acreage, totaling approximately 3,000 acres for the smelter and the townsite of Anaconda, had been purchased by Morgan Evans, the personal agent of Marcus Daly from three other area ranchers Gordon Vineyard, Robert Finley, and Alexander Glover in addition to Jacob Hartwell. Although a smaller area would have sufficed for construction of the smelter complex, Daly purchased the adjacent acreage to ensure that future claims of blighted crops by the area farmers would be avoided. In addition, Daly envisioned a planned working-class community for his employees and the proprietors who would be supplying them. A tented hamlet sprang up along Warm Springs Creek almost overnight as hundreds of workers traipsed into town to construct the complex, and The Daily Miner newspaper in Butte tagged the new community as "Copperopolis."19 Lots in the town had been parceled off during the survey in April, 1883 and the sale of property soon began. Corner lots were sold for $700 each in the vicinity of Main Street, while inside lots were purchased for $500. Lots in what are now the residential neighborhoods immediately surrounding the commercial downtown sold for $75 - $300 each.20 Within a few weeks, commercial and residential construction began, and laborers began to erect the new Reduction Works along Warm Springs Creek. By the middle of July, The Daily Miner reported that approximately 200 men "living wholly on great expectations" had moved to the new village and that numerous tents and approximately forty frame buildings, fifteen of which were business houses, had already been constructed on the adjacent townsite. The first business houses clustered around Front Street and the north end of Main Street and included a hotel, a general merchandise store, a hardware store, a lumber yard, at least two saloons, and a tobacco, news and fruit depot.21 By July 29, 1883, the foundation for the smelter was excavated on the north side of town under the direction of William McCaskell, an associate of James Ben Ali Haggin.22 During the early fall, the Anaconda Company let a contract to A.W. McCune for 300,000 cords of wood; McCune was to deliver the wood at a rate of 75,000 cords per year. Within months of Anaconda's establishment, the crude, hastily-constructed frame commercial buildings lining the intersection of Main and Front Streets gave way to utilitarian one and two- story brick business blocks. A post office was established on October 25, replacing the Vineyard Ranch postal depot that had served the southwestern Deer Lodge Valley since the 1870s. Clinton Moore was designated as the first Postmaster and selected the permanent name of Anaconda for the town in honor of Marcus Daly's prosperous mine in Butte. It was reported that Anaconda was selected instead of Copperopolis because Moore had determined that another small hamlet near the town of White Sulphur Springs already had rights to that name. Two days after the post office was established, the town plat was filed. 1 ft The Daily Miner, Butte, MT. January 7,1883. Ibid. April 22,1883. 19 Ibid. 5/22/1883. 20 Anaconda Standard. 4/27/1890,4. 21 Ibid. 7/13/1883. 22 Ibid. 7/29/1883. NPS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic & Architectural Properties of Anaconda Section number E___________________Deer Lodge County, Montana__________________________Page? The new concentrator and smelter, designed by a San Francisco engineering firm and constructed for an estimated $4,000,000, were completed in the late summer of 1884. Operations began in September with approximately 1,200 employees. The operation of this huge plant signaled the beginning of Anaconda/Butte's thirty-year reign as the largest copper producer in the world and the growth of Anaconda as one of Montana's only planned "company towns" or industrial communities. By October of 1884, the Weekly Missoulian newspaper reported that the new camp of Anaconda had grown remarkably and sustained over 200 local buildings, most of which were within walking distance of the new "Upper Works," as the original facility was known.23 The success of the Upper Works directly correlated to the continued demand for copper. Copper production nearly doubled annually for the next six years. More and more men were hired by Daly to work in the smelter as production increased. Yet the 500-ton capacity of the works simply did not keep pace with the rising demand. Additionally, the final product of the ore reduction (copper matte) was only sixty percent pure copper, forcing Daly to ship a portion of his ore out of state for additional refining. In 1886, the Upper Works was updated with an expanded capacity of 1,000 tons per day. State-of-the-art steam stamps and hand roasters replaced some of the original machinery. Daly also authorized the construction of an additional complex located about one mile east of the Upper Works on Warm Springs Creek, which opened on December 1,1887. The new Lower Works were remodeled in 1889 and would have doubled the capacity of the Upper Works had it not been destroyed by fire prior to the planned opening in March, 1889. Undaunted, Marcus Daly had the Lower Works completely rebuilt of steel and corrugated iron and expanded their capacity to 3,000 tons. The Lower Works reopened on October 1,1889. During this stage of industrial expansion and growth, the town of Anaconda itself began to emerge from its boom town phase into that of a maturing and prosperous community. The town tripled in population during its first six years, boasting a record of 3,975 people during the Federal Census of 1890. The Anaconda Standard newspaper reported in its April 27,1890 edition that some real estate in the commercial neighborhood had increased eighteen-fold from its original value.24 The town itself had incorporated on August 1,1888, selecting William Hoge, a friend, confidant and colleague of Marcus Daly, as the first mayor. Hoge also served as the general manager of the Anaconda Townsite Company, which had administered the distribution of property in the vicinity from the first days of Anaconda, although the Townsite Company did not incorporate until 1893. The first Anaconda school was haphazardly organized in a small dwelling in the vicinity of the Original Townsite during the fall of 1883. The first bond for the construction of a substantial public school building, however, was not passed until 1889; Central School was constructed with that bond on the southwest corner of Main and West Fourth Streets during that year, opening on October 24 under the supervision of Professor John Gannon. The Central School was located on the site of the present Old Junior High School building. In addition to the construction of the first public school, records indicate that Anaconda featured a volunteer fire department, a police department, a bank, five churches, two hospitals, two newspapers, three incorporated companies, eighteen boardinghouses, two brick plants, three liveries, thirty-eight saloons, a multitude of substantial brick business blocks encompassing the first and second blacks of lower Main and Front Streets, and the small suburb of Carroll by 1889. The town of Carroll was constructed by Daly in 1887.25 23 The Weekly Missoulian. Missoula,MT, 10/10/1884. 24 Anaconda Standard. 4/27/1890,4. 25 Anaconda Directory: 1889. Butte,MT: R. L. Polk, Inc., 1889. 513-16. NPS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic & Architectural Properties of Anaconda Section number E____________________Deer Lodge County, Montana__________________________Page 8 Marcus Daly continually sought ways to enhance the community of Anaconda and to address the problems that coincided with its success, growth and development. The planned suburb of Carroll was specifically created to mollify the transportation concerns of the workers at the new Lower Works. The Lower Works, unlike the Upper Works, were not within walking distance of the Anaconda townsite. The construction of Carroll adjacent to the Lower Works solved this difficulty. By 1888, the community boasted twenty-two families, thirteen residences, two boardinghouses with a third one under construction, a school house, a store, and a post office. By 1900, the number of residences in the suburb had quadrupled to fifty-two, and the commercial community had been expanded to include another boardinghouse, another store, and a barber.26 Most of the Lower Works employees consisted of single men who were requested by the company to live in the suburb. The industrial prosperity of his copper mines in Butte and the reduction works in Anaconda encouraged Marcus Daly to set higher goals for his company town. Daly began to pave a road for the political and financial success of the town in 1887 with the design and construction of a full-scale urban resort in downtown Anaconda. The four-story Montana Hotel at 200 Main Street was completed in 1888 for $125,000 and was recognized as perhaps the most advanced and luxurious hotel in the Northwest for its time. Historians believe that the Montana Hotel was built by Daly specifically to house legislators, other state and national dignitaries, and prominent visitors to the town once Anaconda was named the state capital of Montana, a dream that Daly hoped to achieve after the Montana Territory was named a state in 1889. It was designed by Chicago Architect W. W. Boyington, and the hotel retained a combination of French Renaissance and Romanesque architecture. Special detailing includes or did include terra cotta columns, a central arched entrance, red oak and eastern pine flooring, lead glass mirrors, gas lighting, a carved mahogany bar (now in Sun Valley, Idaho), Italian marble fireplaces, and state-of-the-art steam heat and running water. Marcus Daly even commissioned an artist to produce a wooden inlay of his favorite thoroughbred racing horse, Tammany, on the floor of the bar. D. F. McDevitt of Butte served as the local supervising architect and contractor on the hotel, which opened with a lavish ball on July 4, 1889. Daly's dream to have Anaconda designated as Montana's permanent capital never materialized, despite the purported $1,000,000 that he spent on the deciding campaign and election in 1894. But Anaconda continued to grow and prosper as new industries were drawn into the area by the success of the Anaconda Reduction Works and Butte's copper mines. In addition, Daly sparked a trend to . encourage industrial self-sufficiency, which meant expanding his local enterprises. Prior to 1890, Daly was forced to buy his high-technology refinery equipment from some out-of-town and out-of-state suppliers. Yet in 1890, Butte businessman Shelley Tuttle expanded his foundry and machine shop business in Butte to Anaconda, opening and incorporating the Tuttle Manufacturing and Supply Company in a large complex on the southeast edge of town. Tuttle had been a colleague of Daly's when he worked at the Alice Mine between 1877 and 1879, and Daly became the primary stockholder in the company, which was absorbed by the Anaconda Company in 1896. This foundry not only supplied the town with the needed smelter equipment, but also the cast-iron architectural ornamentation that was used by contractors in the new buildings and residences that characterized the burgeoning affluence of the community. Marcus Daly also addressed transportation concerns by creating a street railway system and railroad in Anaconda. In 1890 Daly was granted authorization by the City Council to build and maintain a street railway system that would carry workers and passengers from Anaconda to Carroll and to the city park, now known as Washoe Park, a company-designed resort northwest of town.27 Two years later, smelting operations were ceased for fourteen months while crews constructed the Butte, Anaconda & Pacific (B.A.& P.) Railway, a private railway designed by Daly to replace the existing Montana Union branch of the Union Pacific and the Northern o /" Anaconda Company Records. Letter of Carroll Inventory from James McGregor to W.H. Dudley, 10/17/1900. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Archives, Manuscript Collection 169, Box 51:13. 27 Anaconda Standard. 2/9/1890,4. NFS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Historic & Architectural Properties of Anaconda Section number E___________________Deer Lodge County, Montana__________________________Page 9 Pacific Railway companies. Prior to 1893, the Montana Union had contracted with the Anaconda Company to haul ore from the mines in Butte to the smelting works in Anaconda. Following the belief that self-sufficiency increased his power and success, Daly commenced operations of the B.A.&P. on December 1,1893 with passenger service beginning at the end of that month.28 Anaconda's population grew during the 1890s as copper production continued to increase. An 1895 city census indicates that the population jumped from approximately 4,000 in 1890 to 7,800 in 1895. Both residential and commercial construction boomed between 1893 and 1898, peaking in 1897 with nearly 300 carpenters, masons, and laborers employed on area projects totaling over $500,000. Such uncontrolled growth and construction prompted the editors of the Anaconda Recorder and Anaconda Standard newspapers to call for a building inspection and permit system.29 According to Anaconda Company Records, 1,376 single-family dwellings were constructed between 1895-1904, forty-six percent more than the period with the second largest number of residential constructions between 1905 and 1914.30 The annexation of additions to the Original Townsite paralleled this boom period, as it did twenty years later during the pre-World War I era in the town. In September 1895, the Eastern Addition, encompassing sixty-six blocks on 180 acres, was platted and filed, while the Northern Addition, consisting of eight blocks of varying shapes and sizes, was annexed in May, 1897.31 It was clear by 1892 that Anaconda had outgrown its developmental stages and was becoming a leading industrial center in Montana and one of the most advanced and efficient refinery centers in the world. Such indications of permanence encouraged the city to appoint a committee, consisting of Aldermen Fitzpatrick, Shovlin and Walkup, to investigate the possibility of erecting a substantial city hall for Anaconda.32 When it became clear in 1894 that Anaconda would not be the site of the state capital, town leaders began turning their sights from state to local politics, aggressively lobbying for the construction of a permanent town hall building. In 1895, a bond was passed authorizing construction of the Anaconda City Hall on the southeast corner of East Commercial and Cedar Streets. Architects Lane & Reber designed the building, which cost approximately $30,000 to build. It was completed in August, 1896, with city aldermen taking possession of the building on September 10. The construction of the city hall building signified Anaconda's maturity and growth as a regional town. A county-wide drive, begun in 1895, called for the removal of the Deer Lodge County seat from neighboring Deer Lodge City to Anaconda. Anaconda was emerging as the regional leader of local industry and displayed all the characteristics of a prosperous area with continued opportunities for residential and commercial development. Anaconda also surpassed Deer Lodge City in terms of population growth. In light of these factors, moving the center of county government to Anaconda seemed appropriate. In December, 1896 an election posed the question to the public. Although a large-scale protest was launched by Deer Lodge City residents, the electorate overwhelmingly supported the move, and in early 1897, many county government departments and functions were relocated from Deer Lodge City to temporary quarters in the new Anaconda City Hall building; plans to construct a new courthouse and jail were soon underway. 2 8 Anaconda Review. 12/25/1893. 9 Q Anaconda Recorder. 9/18/1897,3. Anaconda Standard. 3/10/1897,2:2. Houses and Apartments built in Anaconda. MT. Anaconda Company Records. Unpub. report. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Archives, Manuscript Collection #169, box 4:6, c.1960. 31 Anaconda Standard. 9/17/1895,3:3. 32 Anaconda Standard. 12/15/1892,3.