Ambient Backscatter Communication Networks Understand the fundamental principles and applications of ambient backscatter technology with this authoritative review. Covering both theory and practical engineering, leading researchers describe and explain hardware design, network design, and signal processing, and discuss architectures, protocols, communica- tionmethods,openresearchissues,emergingapplications,andadvancedsystem modelswithinnovativesolutions.Thisisanessentialtoolforgraduatestudents, researchers, engineers, developers, and entrepreneurs. DinhThaiHoangisaLecturerattheSchoolofElectricalandDataEngineering, University of Technology Sydney, Australia. Dusit Niyato is a Professor at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Dong In Kim is a Professor of Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea, andaDirectoroftheEngineeringResearchCenter.HeisaFellowoftheInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Nguyen Van Huynh is currently a researcher at the University of Technology Sydney, Australia. Shimin Gong is currently an Associate Professor with the School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, China. Ambient Backscatter Communication Networks DINH THAI HOANG UniversityofTechnologySydney,Australia DUSIT NIYATO NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore DONG IN KIM SungkyunkwanUniversity,SouthKorea NGUYEN VAN HUYNH UniversityofTechnologySydney,Australia SHIMIN GONG SunYat-senUniversity,China UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108480864 DOI:10.1017/9781108691383 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names:Hoang,DinhThai,1986-author. Title:Ambientbackscattercommunicationnetworks/DinhThaiHoang,Dusit Niyato,DongInKim,NguyenVanHuynh,andShiminGong. Description:Firstedition.|NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2020.| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2019053723(print)|LCCN2019053724(ebook)| ISBN9781108480864(hardback)|ISBN9781108691383(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Backscattercommunication. Classification:LCCTK5103.26.H632020(print)|LCCTK5103.26(ebook)| DDC621.3841/1–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019053723 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019053724 ISBN978-1-108-48086-4Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Tomyfamily–DinhThaiHoang Tomyfamily–DusitNiyato TomywifeSunHeeLim–DongInKim Contents Preface page xiii Part I Fundamentals of Ambient Backscatter Communication 1 1 Self-Sustaining Wireless Communication Networks 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Traditional Energy Harvesting Networks 5 1.2.1 Wireless Power Transfer 5 1.2.2 Wireless-Powered Communication Networks 9 1.2.3 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) 12 1.3 Ambient Backscatter Communication Networks 18 1.3.1 Backscatter Communication Systems 18 1.3.2 Overview of Ambient Backscatter Communication Systems 20 1.3.3 Potential Applications and Implementation of Ambient Backscatter Communication Networks 23 1.4 Summary 24 2 Fundamentals of Ambient Backscatter Communication 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Fundamentals of Modulated Backscatter 34 2.3 Channel Coding and Decoding 36 2.4 Modulation and Demodulation 41 2.5 Backscatter Communication Channels 46 2.5.1 General Models of Backscatter Communication Channels 46 2.5.2 Link Budgets for Backscatter Channels 48 2.5.3 Theoretical Analyses and Experimental Measurements 51 2.6 Research Challenges 53 2.7 Summary 54 3 Circuit and Antenna Designs for Ambient Backscatter 62 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 Circuit Design 64 3.3 Antenna Design 68 viii Contents 3.3.1 Operating Frequency 68 3.3.2 Impedance Matching 71 3.3.3 Antenna Gain 72 3.3.4 Polarization Mismatch 72 3.4 Ambient Backscatter Transmitter Design 73 3.4.1 Modulator 74 3.4.2 Energy Harvester 76 3.4.3 Micro-Controller 78 3.4.4 Circuit and Antenna Designs for Ambient Backscatter Transmitters 82 3.5 Ambient Backscatter Receiver Design 86 3.5.1 Interference Canceler 87 3.5.2 Diversity Combiner 90 3.5.3 Maximum Likelihood Detector 91 3.6 Summary 93 Part II Architectures, Protocols, and Performance Analysis 97 4 Wireless-Powered Communication Networks with Ambient Backscatter 99 4.1 Wireless-Powered Communication Networks 99 4.1.1 Wireless Energy Harvesting Technology 99 4.1.2 Architecture of an RF Energy Harvesting Device 100 4.1.3 Basic Models of WPCNs 101 4.2 The Integration of Ambient Backscatter Technology to WPCNs 103 4.2.1 Wireless Hybrid Transmitter Devices 103 4.2.2 Wireless Hybrid Receiver Devices 104 4.2.3 Advantages of the Integration of Ambient Backscatter Communication to WPCNs 104 4.3 WPCNs with Ambient Backscatter: Performance Analysis 105 4.3.1 Network Model 105 4.3.2 Geometric Modeling 109 4.3.3 Performance Evaluation 111 4.3.4 Analytical Results 112 4.3.5 Performance Evaluation and Analysis 115 4.4 Summary and Future Work 122 5 Cognitive Radio Networks with Ambient Backscatter Communication 125 5.1 Fundamental Background 125 5.1.1 Cognitive Radio 125 5.1.2 RF-Powered Cognitive Radio Networks 128 5.2 RF-PoweredCognitiveRadioNetworkswithAmbientBackscatter Communication 130 5.2.1 Circuit Diagram to Integrate Ambient Backscatter Communication 131 Contents ix 5.2.2 RF-Powered Overlay CRNs with Ambient Backscatter 132 5.2.3 RF-Powered Underlay CRNs with Ambient Backscatter 140 5.3 Extended Models and Open Issues 151 5.3.1 Extended Models of RF-Powered CRNs with Ambient Backscatter 151 5.3.2 Open Issues 154 6 Ambient Backscatter Relay Communication 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Relay Communication with RF Energy Harvesting 158 6.2.1 Time-SwitchingandPower-SplittingProtocolsforEnergy Harvesting Relay 158 6.2.2 Single Relay-Assisted Communication 159 6.2.3 Relay Selection from Multiple Energy Harvesting Relays 161 6.2.4 Cooperative Beamforming of Multiple Energy Harvesting Relays 162 6.3 Backscatter-Aided Communication with Energy Harvesting 164 6.3.1 Wireless-Powered Hybrid Radio Networks 164 6.3.2 A Literature Review 169 6.3.3 Passive Relaying Game 171 6.3.4 Performance Comparison 176 6.4 Two-Hop Backscatter Relay Communication 176 6.4.1 Dual-Mode Transmission Capability 178 6.4.2 Problem Formulation and Solutions 180 6.4.3 Numerical Evaluation 185 6.5 Summary and Future Work 187 7 Performance Analysis of Ambient Backscatter 193 7.1 Introduction 193 7.2 Signal Detection of Ambient Backscatter 194 7.2.1 Maximum Likelihood Detection 196 7.2.2 Covariance-Based Detection 200 7.2.3 Multi-Level Signal Detection 201 7.2.4 Performance with Random RF Emitters 203 7.2.5 Capacity and Outage Performance 204 7.3 Multi-Antenna Detection for Ambient Backscatter 205 7.3.1 Multiple Antennas at the Receiver 206 7.3.2 Ratio Detector and Antenna Selection 208 7.3.3 Multiple Antennas at the Transmitter 209 7.4 Performance Analysis with Multiple Backscatter Transmitters 211 7.4.1 Backscatter Transmission Scheduling 211 7.4.2 Two-Way Backscatter Relay Communication 213 7.4.3 Multiple-Access Backscatter Communication 213 7.5 Summary and Future Work 214