Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora Amazon Aurora: User Guide for Aurora Copyright © 2022 Amazon Web Services, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Amazon's trademarks and trade dress may not be used in connection with any product or service that is not Amazon's, in any manner that is likely to cause confusion among customers, or in any manner that disparages or discredits Amazon. All other trademarks not owned by Amazon are the property of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated with, connected to, or sponsored by Amazon. Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora Table of Contents What is Aurora? ................................................................................................................................. 1 Aurora DB clusters ..................................................................................................................... 3 Aurora versions.......................................................................................................................... 5 Relational databases that are available on Aurora .................................................................. 5 Differences in version numbers between community databases and Aurora ................................ 5 Amazon Aurora major versions ............................................................................................ 6 Amazon Aurora minor versions............................................................................................ 7 Amazon Aurora patch versions............................................................................................. 7 Learning what's new in each Amazon Aurora version .............................................................. 7 Specifying the Amazon Aurora database version for your database cluster ................................. 7 Default Amazon Aurora versions .......................................................................................... 8 Automatic minor version upgrades ....................................................................................... 8 How long Amazon Aurora major versions remain available ...................................................... 8 How often Amazon Aurora minor versions are released ........................................................... 9 How long Amazon Aurora minor versions remain available ...................................................... 9 Long-term support for selected Amazon Aurora minor versions ............................................... 9 Manually controlling if and when your database cluster is upgraded to new versions ................. 10 Required Amazon Aurora upgrades ..................................................................................... 10 Testing your DB cluster with a new Aurora version before upgrading ....................................... 10 Regions and Availability Zones ................................................................................................... 11 AWS Regions................................................................................................................... 11 Availability Zones............................................................................................................. 16 Local time zone for DB clusters .......................................................................................... 16 Supported Aurora features by Region and engine ......................................................................... 20 Table conventions............................................................................................................. 20 Blue/Green Deployments................................................................................................... 20 Database activity streams in Aurora .................................................................................... 21 Exporting cluster data to Amazon S3 .................................................................................. 24 Exporting snapshot data to Amazon S3 .............................................................................. 25 Aurora global databases .................................................................................................... 26 IAM database authentication in Aurora ............................................................................... 29 Kerberos authentication with Aurora ................................................................................... 30 Aurora machine learning ................................................................................................... 32 Performance Insights with Aurora ...................................................................................... 35 Amazon RDS Proxy ........................................................................................................... 40 Aurora Serverless v2 ......................................................................................................... 43 Aurora Serverless v1 ......................................................................................................... 45 Data API for Aurora Serverless v1 ...................................................................................... 48 Engine-native features...................................................................................................... 50 Aurora connection management................................................................................................ 51 Types of Aurora endpoints ................................................................................................ 51 Viewing endpoints............................................................................................................ 53 Using the cluster endpoint................................................................................................ 53 Using the reader endpoint ................................................................................................. 54 Using custom endpoints.................................................................................................... 54 Creating a custom endpoint .............................................................................................. 56 Viewing custom endpoints................................................................................................. 58 Editing a custom endpoint ................................................................................................ 63 Deleting a custom endpoint.............................................................................................. 65 End-to-end AWS CLI example for custom endpoints ............................................................. 66 Using the instance endpoints ............................................................................................. 70 Endpoints and high availability .......................................................................................... 70 DB instance classes................................................................................................................... 72 DB instance class types ..................................................................................................... 72 iii Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora Supported DB engines ...................................................................................................... 73 Determining DB instance class support in AWS Regions ......................................................... 77 Hardware specifications..................................................................................................... 80 Aurora storage and reliability..................................................................................................... 82 Overview of Aurora storage ............................................................................................... 83 Cluster volume contents .................................................................................................... 83 How storage resizes .......................................................................................................... 83 Data billing...................................................................................................................... 84 Reliability........................................................................................................................ 84 Aurora security......................................................................................................................... 86 Using SSL with Aurora DB clusters ...................................................................................... 86 High availability for Amazon Aurora ........................................................................................... 87 High availability for Aurora data ........................................................................................ 87 High availability for Aurora DB instances ............................................................................. 87 High availability across AWS Regions with Aurora global databases ......................................... 88 Fault tolerance................................................................................................................. 88 High availability with Amazon RDS Proxy ............................................................................ 89 Replication with Aurora............................................................................................................. 89 Aurora Replicas................................................................................................................ 89 Aurora MySQL.................................................................................................................. 90 Aurora PostgreSQL........................................................................................................... 91 DB instance billing for Aurora .................................................................................................... 91 On-Demand DB instances .................................................................................................. 93 Reserved DB instances ...................................................................................................... 94 Setting up your environment ........................................................................................................... 102 Sign up for an AWS account .................................................................................................... 102 Create an administrative user ................................................................................................... 102 Create IAM user access keys ..................................................................................................... 103 Determine requirements.......................................................................................................... 104 Provide access to the DB cluster ............................................................................................... 105 Getting started ............................................................................................................................... 107 Creating an Aurora MySQL DB cluster and connecting to it .......................................................... 107 Create an Aurora MySQL DB cluster .................................................................................. 107 Connect to an instance in a DB cluster .............................................................................. 111 Delete the sample DB cluster, DB subnet group, and VPC ..................................................... 114 Creating an Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster and connecting to it .................................................... 114 Create an Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster ............................................................................ 115 Connect to an instance in an Aurora PostgreSQL DB cluster ................................................. 118 Delete the sample DB cluster, DB subnet group, and VPC ..................................................... 120 Tutorial: Create a web server and an Amazon Aurora DB cluster .................................................... 121 Launch an EC2 instance ................................................................................................... 122 Create a DB cluster ......................................................................................................... 126 Install a web server ........................................................................................................ 130 Tutorials and sample code ............................................................................................................... 136 Tutorials in this guide ............................................................................................................. 136 Tutorials in other AWS guides .................................................................................................. 136 Tutorials and sample code in GitHub ......................................................................................... 137 Configuring your Aurora DB cluster ................................................................................................... 139 Creating a DB cluster .............................................................................................................. 140 Prerequisites.................................................................................................................. 140 Creating a DB cluster ...................................................................................................... 144 Available settings........................................................................................................... 150 Settings that don't apply to Aurora for DB clusters ............................................................. 160 Settings that don't apply to Aurora DB instances ................................................................ 161 Creating resources with AWS CloudFormation ............................................................................ 163 Aurora and AWS CloudFormation templates ....................................................................... 163 Learn more about AWS CloudFormation ............................................................................ 163 iv Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora Using Aurora global databases ................................................................................................. 164 Overview of Aurora global databases ................................................................................ 164 Advantages of Amazon Aurora global databases ................................................................. 165 Region and version availability ......................................................................................... 165 Limitations of Aurora global databases ............................................................................. 165 Getting started with Aurora global databases .................................................................... 167 Managing an Aurora global database ................................................................................ 188 Connecting to an Aurora global database .......................................................................... 193 Using write forwarding in an Aurora global database .......................................................... 194 Using failover in an Aurora global database ....................................................................... 205 Monitoring an Aurora global database .............................................................................. 215 Using Aurora global databases with other AWS services ....................................................... 218 Upgrading an Amazon Aurora global database ................................................................... 219 Connecting to a DB cluster ...................................................................................................... 221 Connecting to Aurora MySQL ........................................................................................... 221 Connecting to Aurora PostgreSQL .................................................................................... 226 Troubleshooting connections............................................................................................ 228 Working with parameter groups ............................................................................................... 229 Working with DB cluster parameter groups ........................................................................ 231 Working with DB parameter groups .................................................................................. 242 Comparing parameter groups ........................................................................................... 253 Specifying DB parameters ................................................................................................ 253 Migrating data to a DB cluster................................................................................................. 257 Aurora MySQL................................................................................................................ 257 Aurora PostgreSQL......................................................................................................... 257 Managing an Aurora DB cluster ........................................................................................................ 258 Stopping and starting a cluster ................................................................................................ 259 Overview of stopping and starting a cluster ....................................................................... 259 Limitations..................................................................................................................... 259 Stopping a DB cluster..................................................................................................... 260 While a DB cluster is stopped.......................................................................................... 261 Starting a DB cluster ....................................................................................................... 261 Connecting an EC2 instance ..................................................................................................... 263 Overview....................................................................................................................... 263 Connecting an EC2 instance ............................................................................................. 266 Viewing connecting compute resources ............................................................................. 268 Modifying an Aurora DB cluster ................................................................................................ 269 Modifying the DB cluster by using the console, CLI, and API ................................................. 269 Modifying a DB instance in a DB cluster ............................................................................ 270 Available settings........................................................................................................... 272 Settings that don't apply to Aurora DB clusters .................................................................. 290 Settings that don't apply to Aurora DB instances ................................................................ 291 Adding Aurora Replicas ........................................................................................................... 292 Managing performance and scaling .......................................................................................... 296 Storage scaling............................................................................................................... 296 Instance scaling .............................................................................................................. 300 Read scaling.................................................................................................................. 300 Managing connections..................................................................................................... 300 Managing query execution plans ...................................................................................... 301 Cloning a volume for an Aurora DB cluster ................................................................................ 302 Overview of Aurora cloning ............................................................................................. 302 Limitations of Aurora cloning ........................................................................................... 303 How Aurora cloning works ............................................................................................... 303 Creating an Aurora clone ................................................................................................. 306 Cross-account cloning..................................................................................................... 315 Integrating with AWS services .................................................................................................. 326 Aurora MySQL................................................................................................................ 326 v Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora Aurora PostgreSQL......................................................................................................... 326 Using Auto Scaling with Aurora replicas ............................................................................ 327 Using machine learning with Aurora ................................................................................. 342 Maintaining an Aurora DB cluster ............................................................................................. 343 Viewing pending maintenance .......................................................................................... 343 Applying updates........................................................................................................... 345 The maintenance window ................................................................................................ 346 Adjusting the maintenance window for a DB cluster ............................................................ 348 Automatic minor version upgrades for Aurora DB clusters ................................................... 349 Choosing the frequency of Aurora MySQL maintenance updates .......................................... 349 Working with operating system updates ............................................................................ 350 Rebooting an Aurora DB cluster or instance ............................................................................... 353 Rebooting a DB instance within an Aurora cluster ............................................................... 353 Rebooting an Aurora cluster (Aurora PostgreSQL and Aurora MySQL before version 2.10) ......... 354 Rebooting an Aurora MySQL cluster (version 2.10 and higher) .............................................. 354 Checking uptime for Aurora clusters and instances ............................................................. 355 Examples of Aurora reboot operations .............................................................................. 357 Deleting Aurora clusters and instances ...................................................................................... 369 Deleting an Aurora DB cluster .......................................................................................... 369 Deletion protection for Aurora clusters .............................................................................. 373 Deleting a stopped Aurora cluster .................................................................................... 374 Deleting Aurora MySQL clusters that are read replicas ......................................................... 374 The final snapshot when deleting a cluster........................................................................ 374 Deleting a DB instance from an Aurora DB cluster .............................................................. 374 Tagging RDS resources ............................................................................................................ 376 Overview....................................................................................................................... 376 Using tags for access control with IAM .............................................................................. 377 Using tags to produce detailed billing reports .................................................................... 377 Adding, listing, and removing tags .................................................................................... 378 Using the AWS Tag Editor ............................................................................................... 380 Copying tags to DB cluster snapshots ............................................................................... 380 Tutorial: Use tags to specify which Aurora DB clusters to stop .............................................. 381 Working with ARNs ................................................................................................................. 384 Constructing an ARN ....................................................................................................... 384 Getting an existing ARN .................................................................................................. 388 Aurora updates...................................................................................................................... 392 Identifying your Amazon Aurora version ............................................................................ 392 Using Blue/Green Deployments for database updates ......................................................................... 393 Overview of Amazon RDS Blue/Green Deployments .................................................................... 394 Benefits......................................................................................................................... 394 Workflow....................................................................................................................... 395 Authorizing access.......................................................................................................... 399 Considerations................................................................................................................ 400 Best practices................................................................................................................. 401 Region and version availability ......................................................................................... 401 Limitations..................................................................................................................... 401 Creating a blue/green deployment ........................................................................................... 401 Preparing an Aurora DB cluster ........................................................................................ 402 Making changes in the green environment ......................................................................... 402 Creating the blue/green deployment ................................................................................ 403 Viewing a blue/green deployment ............................................................................................ 405 Switching a blue/green deployment ......................................................................................... 408 Switchover timeout......................................................................................................... 408 Switchover guardrails...................................................................................................... 408 Switchover actions.......................................................................................................... 409 Switchover best practices ................................................................................................ 410 Switching over a blue/green deployment .......................................................................... 410 vi Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora After switchover............................................................................................................. 412 Deleting a blue/green deployment ........................................................................................... 412 Backing up and restoring an Aurora DB cluster ................................................................................... 415 Overview of backing up and restoring ....................................................................................... 416 Backups......................................................................................................................... 416 Backup window.............................................................................................................. 416 Restoring data............................................................................................................... 418 Backtrack....................................................................................................................... 418 Backup storage...................................................................................................................... 419 CloudWatch metrics........................................................................................................ 419 Other considerations....................................................................................................... 420 Creating a DB cluster snapshot ................................................................................................ 422 Determining whether the snapshot is available ................................................................... 423 Restoring from a DB cluster snapshot ....................................................................................... 424 Parameter groups........................................................................................................... 424 Security groups.............................................................................................................. 424 Aurora considerations..................................................................................................... 424 Restoring from a snapshot ............................................................................................... 425 Copying a DB cluster snapshot ................................................................................................. 427 Limitations..................................................................................................................... 427 Snapshot retention......................................................................................................... 427 Copying shared snapshots ............................................................................................... 428 Handling encryption....................................................................................................... 428 Incremental snapshot copying .......................................................................................... 428 Cross-Region copying...................................................................................................... 428 Parameter groups........................................................................................................... 429 Copying a DB cluster snapshot ......................................................................................... 429 Sharing a DB cluster snapshot.................................................................................................. 437 Sharing public snapshots................................................................................................. 437 Sharing encrypted snapshots ........................................................................................... 438 Sharing a snapshot......................................................................................................... 440 Exporting DB cluster data to Amazon S3 ................................................................................... 445 Limitations..................................................................................................................... 445 Overview of exporting DB cluster data .............................................................................. 446 Setting up access to an S3 bucket .................................................................................... 447 Exporting DB cluster data to S3 ....................................................................................... 449 Monitoring DB cluster exports .......................................................................................... 451 Canceling a DB cluster export .......................................................................................... 453 Failure messages............................................................................................................ 454 Troubleshooting PostgreSQL permissions errors ................................................................. 455 File naming convention ................................................................................................... 455 Data conversion............................................................................................................ 455 Exporting DB cluster snapshot data to Amazon S3 ...................................................................... 456 Limitations..................................................................................................................... 456 Overview of exporting snapshot data ................................................................................ 457 Setting up access to an S3 bucket .................................................................................... 458 Using a cross-account KMS key ........................................................................................ 460 Exporting a snapshot to an S3 bucket ............................................................................... 461 Monitoring snapshot exports ........................................................................................... 464 Canceling a snapshot export ............................................................................................ 465 Failure messages............................................................................................................ 466 Troubleshooting PostgreSQL permissions errors ................................................................. 467 File naming convention ................................................................................................... 467 Data conversion............................................................................................................ 468 Point-in-time recovery............................................................................................................. 474 Deleting a DB cluster snapshot................................................................................................ 476 Deleting a DB cluster snapshot........................................................................................ 476 vii Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora Tutorial: Restore a DB cluster from a snapshot ........................................................................... 478 Restoring a DB cluster using the console ........................................................................... 478 Restoring a DB cluster using the AWS CLI .......................................................................... 481 Monitoring metrics in an Aurora DB cluster ........................................................................................ 486 Overview of monitoring .......................................................................................................... 487 Monitoring plan............................................................................................................. 487 Performance baseline...................................................................................................... 487 Performance guidelines................................................................................................... 487 Monitoring tools............................................................................................................. 488 Viewing cluster status and recommendations ............................................................................. 491 Viewing a DB cluster....................................................................................................... 492 Viewing DB cluster status................................................................................................ 497 Viewing DB instance status in an Aurora cluster ................................................................. 500 Viewing Amazon Aurora recommendations........................................................................ 504 Viewing metrics in the Amazon RDS console .............................................................................. 509 Monitoring Aurora with CloudWatch ......................................................................................... 512 Overview of Amazon Aurora and Amazon CloudWatch ........................................................ 513 Viewing CloudWatch metrics ............................................................................................ 514 Creating CloudWatch alarms ............................................................................................ 519 Monitoring DB load with Performance Insights ........................................................................... 521 Overview of Performance Insights .................................................................................... 521 Turning Performance Insights on and off ........................................................................... 526 Turning on the Performance Schema for Aurora MySQL ...................................................... 529 Performance Insights policies ........................................................................................... 533 Analyzing metrics with the Performance Insights dashboard ................................................ 536 Retrieving metrics with the Performance Insights API .......................................................... 556 Logging Performance Insights calls using AWS CloudTrail .................................................... 570 Analyzing performance with DevOps Guru for RDS ..................................................................... 572 Benefits of DevOps Guru for RDS ..................................................................................... 572 How DevOps Guru for RDS works ..................................................................................... 573 Setting up DevOps Guru for RDS ...................................................................................... 573 Monitoring threats with GuardDuty RDS Protection .................................................................... 579 Monitoring the OS with Enhanced Monitoring ............................................................................ 580 Overview of Enhanced Monitoring .................................................................................... 580 Setting up and enabling Enhanced Monitoring ................................................................... 581 Viewing OS metrics in the RDS console ............................................................................. 585 Viewing OS metrics using CloudWatch Logs ....................................................................... 586 Aurora metrics reference ......................................................................................................... 587 CloudWatch metrics for Aurora ........................................................................................ 587 CloudWatch dimensions for Aurora................................................................................... 604 Availability of Aurora metrics in the Amazon RDS console .................................................... 605 CloudWatch metrics for Performance Insights .................................................................... 607 Counter metrics for Performance Insights .......................................................................... 609 SQL statistics for Performance Insights ............................................................................. 617 OS metrics in Enhanced Monitoring .................................................................................. 621 Monitoring events, logs, and database activity streams ....................................................................... 627 Viewing logs, events, and streams in the Amazon RDS console ..................................................... 627 Monitoring Aurora events........................................................................................................ 632 Overview of events for Aurora......................................................................................... 632 Viewing Amazon RDS events ............................................................................................ 634 Working with Amazon RDS event notification .................................................................... 637 Creating a rule that triggers on an Amazon Aurora event ..................................................... 652 Amazon RDS event categories and event messages ............................................................. 655 Monitoring Aurora logs........................................................................................................... 664 Viewing and listing database log files............................................................................... 664 Downloading a database log file ...................................................................................... 665 Watching a database log file ............................................................................................ 666 viii Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora Publishing to CloudWatch Logs ........................................................................................ 668 Reading log file contents using REST ................................................................................ 669 MySQL database log files ................................................................................................ 671 PostgreSQL database log files .......................................................................................... 677 Monitoring Aurora API calls in CloudTrail ................................................................................... 683 CloudTrail integration with Amazon Aurora........................................................................ 683 Amazon Aurora log file entries......................................................................................... 683 Monitoring Aurora with Database Activity Streams ..................................................................... 687 Overview....................................................................................................................... 687 Aurora MySQL network prerequisites ................................................................................ 690 Starting a database activity stream ................................................................................... 691 Getting the activity stream status ..................................................................................... 692 Stopping a database activity stream ................................................................................. 693 Monitoring activity streams ............................................................................................. 694 Managing access to activity streams .................................................................................. 716 Working with Aurora MySQL ............................................................................................................ 719 Overview of Aurora MySQL ...................................................................................................... 719 Amazon Aurora MySQL performance enhancements ........................................................... 719 Aurora MySQL and spatial data ........................................................................................ 720 Aurora MySQL version 3 compatible with MySQL 8.0 .......................................................... 721 Aurora MySQL version 2 compatible with MySQL 5.7 .......................................................... 748 Security with Aurora MySQL .................................................................................................... 749 Master user privileges with Aurora MySQL ......................................................................... 750 Using SSL/TLS with Aurora MySQL DB clusters .................................................................. 750 Updating applications for new SSL/TLS certificates ..................................................................... 754 Determining whether any applications are connecting to your Aurora MySQL DB cluster using SSL............................................................................................................................... 755 Determining whether a client requires certificate verification to connect ................................ 755 Updating your application trust store ................................................................................ 756 Example Java code for establishing SSL connections ........................................................... 757 Migrating data to Aurora MySQL .............................................................................................. 757 Migrating from an external MySQL database to Aurora MySQL ............................................. 759 Migrating from a MySQL DB instance to Aurora MySQL ....................................................... 773 Managing Aurora MySQL ......................................................................................................... 788 Managing performance and scaling for Amazon Aurora MySQL ............................................ 788 Backtracking a DB cluster ................................................................................................ 793 Testing Amazon Aurora MySQL using fault injection queries ................................................. 808 Altering tables in Amazon Aurora using fast DDL ................................................................ 811 Displaying volume status for an Aurora DB cluster .............................................................. 816 Tuning Aurora MySQL with wait events and thread states ............................................................ 816 Essential concepts for Aurora MySQL tuning ...................................................................... 817 Tuning Aurora MySQL with wait events ............................................................................. 819 Tuning Aurora MySQL with thread states ........................................................................... 855 Parallel query for Aurora MySQL .............................................................................................. 860 Overview of parallel query .............................................................................................. 861 Planning for a parallel query cluster ................................................................................. 864 Creating a parallel query cluster ....................................................................................... 865 Turning parallel query on and off ..................................................................................... 869 Upgrading a parallel query cluster .................................................................................... 872 Performance tuning........................................................................................................ 873 Creating schema objects .................................................................................................. 873 Verifying parallel query usage .......................................................................................... 874 Monitoring..................................................................................................................... 876 Parallel query and SQL constructs .................................................................................... 880 Advanced Auditing with Aurora MySQL ..................................................................................... 893 Enabling Advanced Auditing ............................................................................................ 894 Viewing audit logs.......................................................................................................... 896 ix Amazon Aurora User Guide for Aurora Audit log details............................................................................................................. 896 Replication with Aurora MySQL ................................................................................................ 897 Aurora Replicas.............................................................................................................. 897 Replication options......................................................................................................... 898 Replication performance.................................................................................................. 899 Zero-downtime restart (ZDR) ............................................................................................ 899 Monitoring replication..................................................................................................... 901 Cross-Region replication.................................................................................................. 901 Using binary log (binlog) replication ................................................................................. 911 Using GTID-based replication ........................................................................................... 933 Working with multi-master clusters .......................................................................................... 937 Overview of multi-master clusters .................................................................................... 937 Creating a multi-master cluster ........................................................................................ 943 Managing multi-master clusters....................................................................................... 945 Application considerations............................................................................................... 948 Performance considerations............................................................................................. 957 Approaches to multi-master clusters ................................................................................. 959 Integrating Aurora MySQL with AWS services ............................................................................. 961 Authorizing Aurora MySQL to access AWS services .............................................................. 961 Loading data from text files in Amazon S3 ........................................................................ 973 Saving data into text files in Amazon S3 ........................................................................... 981 Invoking a Lambda function from Aurora MySQL ................................................................ 988 Publishing Aurora MySQL logs to CloudWatch Logs ............................................................ 995 Using Aurora machine learning with Aurora MySQL ............................................................ 998 Aurora MySQL lab mode ........................................................................................................ 1012 Aurora lab mode features .............................................................................................. 1012 Best practices with Amazon Aurora MySQL .............................................................................. 1013 Determining which DB instance you are connected to ........................................................ 1013 Best practices for Aurora MySQL performance and scaling ................................................. 1014 Best practices for Aurora MySQL high availability .............................................................. 1020 Recommendations for MySQL features............................................................................ 1021 Aurora MySQL reference ........................................................................................................ 1023 Configuration parameters.............................................................................................. 1023 MySQL parameters that don't apply to Aurora MySQL ....................................................... 1043 MySQL status variables that don't apply to Aurora MySQL ................................................. 1044 Aurora MySQL wait events ............................................................................................. 1046 Aurora MySQL thread states .......................................................................................... 1049 Aurora MySQL isolation levels........................................................................................ 1053 Aurora MySQL hints ...................................................................................................... 1056 Aurora MySQL stored procedures.................................................................................... 1058 Aurora MySQL information_schema tables....................................................................... 1065 Aurora MySQL updates .......................................................................................................... 1065 Version Numbers and Special Versions............................................................................. 1066 Preparing for Aurora MySQL version 1 end of life ............................................................. 1069 Upgrading Amazon Aurora MySQL DB clusters ................................................................. 1071 Database engine updates for Amazon Aurora MySQL version 3 ........................................... 1093 Database engine updates for Amazon Aurora MySQL version 2 ........................................... 1093 Database engine updates for Amazon Aurora MySQL version 1 ........................................... 1093 Database engine updates for Aurora MySQL Serverless clusters .......................................... 1093 MySQL bugs fixed by Aurora MySQL database engine updates ............................................ 1093 Security vulnerabilities fixed in Amazon Aurora MySQL ...................................................... 1093 Working with Aurora PostgreSQL .................................................................................................... 1094 Security with Aurora PostgreSQL ............................................................................................ 1094 Understanding PostgreSQL roles and permissions ............................................................. 1095 Securing Aurora PostgreSQL data with SSL/TLS ................................................................ 1105 Updating applications for new SSL/TLS certificates ................................................................... 1108 Determining whether applications are connecting to Aurora PostgreSQL DB clusters using SSL 1109 x