amazigh arts in morocco Amazigh Arts in Morocco * Women Shaping Berber Identity Cynthia J. Becker UniversityofTexasPress,Austin Copyright©2006bythe UniversityofTexasPress Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Firstedition,2006 Requestsforpermissiontoreproducematerial fromthisworkshouldbesentto: Permissions UniversityofTexasPress P.O.Box7819 Austin,TX78713-7819 www.utexas.edu/utpress/about/bpermission.html (cid:10)Thepaperusedinthisbookmeetsthe minimumrequirementsofansi/niso z39.48-1992(r1997)(PermanenceofPaper). LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Becker,Cynthia. AmazighartsinMorocco:womenshaping Berberidentity/CynthiaBecker.—1sted. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn-13:978-0-292-71295-9(cloth:alk.paper) isbn-10:0-292-71295-2 1.Arts,Berber—Morocco. 2.Womenartists— Morocco. 3.Ethnicityinart. 4.Identity (Psychology)inart. 5.Berbers—Morocco— Sociallifeandcustoms. I.Title. nx587.75.a1b43 2006 704'.0420964—dc22 2006002245 Tomyparents,KathleenandGeorgeBecker AndtoAddiandtheentireOuadderroufamily THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Contents ANoteonTranscriptionandTransliterationix Acknowledgmentsxi Introduction1 one AitKhabbashTextiles:WeavingMetaphorsofIdentity15 two TheArtofDressingtheBody47 three DancePerformances:NegotiatingGenderandSocialChange76 four WomenasPublicSymbolsofIdentity:TheAdornmentofthe BrideandGroom95 five PerformingAmazighGenderRoles:WeddingCeremonies134 six Oh,MySudaneseMother:TheLegacyofSlaveryinAit KhabbashArt162 seven ContemporaryAmazighArts:GivingMaterialFormto AmazighConsciousness177 appendix SelectedSongsfromAitKhabbashWeddings195 Notes201 References211 Index219 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ANoteonTranscriptionandTransliteration TheAitAtta,thefocusofthisbook,speakanAmazighlanguagecalledTama- zight, found in the Middle Atlas Mountains and the southeastern region of Morocco.The term ‘‘Tamazight’’ is also used more generally by scholars to refertoagroupofcloselyrelatedAfro-Asiaticlanguagesspokenthroughout northwesternAfrica.Inthisbooktheterm‘‘Tamazight’’refersbothtothespe- cificAmazighlanguagespokenbytheAitAttaandtoAmazighlanguagesas awhole. TheAmazighsongsandphrasesinthisbookarefromtheTamazightlan- guagespecificallyspokenbytheAitAtta.AddiOuadderroudidthetranscrip- tions,basinghisworkonthesystemcreatedbySalemChaker(1984).Addi OuadderrouandIdidthetranslationsfromTamazighttoEnglish.Thefollow- ingisaguidetothesystemusedbyAddiOuadderrou. Letter TamazightExample EnglishTranslation a azul hello e amellal white i izli song o oreγ gold u afus hand w azwu wind y kuyan everyone b aberkan black c icwa sharp d tudert life f tiflut door g agadir wall