55321_C00.fm Page i Tuesday, October 30, 2007 8:57 AM S E C O N D E D I T I O N ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS Design and Analysis with Induction Generators 55321_C00.fm Page ii Tuesday, October 30, 2007 8:57 AM P O W E R E L E C T R O N I C S A N D A P P L I C AT I O N S S E R I E S Muhammad H. Rashid, Series Editor University of West Florida PUBLISHED TITLES Advanced DC/DC Converters Fang Lin Luo and Hong Ye Alternative Energy Systems: Design and Analysis with Induction Generators, Second Edition ~ M. Godoy Simoes and Felix A. Farret Complex Behavior of Switching Power Converters Chi Kong Tse DSP-Based Electromechanical Motion Control Hamid A. Toliyat and Steven Campbell Electric Energy: An Introduction Mohamed El-Sharkawi Electrical Machine Analysis Using Finite Elements Nicola Bianchi Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, and Design Mehrdad Eshani, Yimin Gao, Sebastien E. Gay, and Ali Emadi Uninterruptible Power Supplies and Active Filters Ali Emadi, Abdolhosein Nasiri, and Stoyan B. Bekiarov 55321_C00.fm Page iii Tuesday, October 30, 2007 8:57 AM S E C O N D E D I T I O N ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS Design and Analysis with Induction Generators ~ M. Godoy Simoes Felix A. Farret Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20110715 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5534-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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For Matheus and Patrick, lights of my life (F.A.F.). 55321_C00.fm Page vi Tuesday, October 30, 2007 8:57 AM 55321_C00.fm Page vii Tuesday, October 30, 2007 8:57 AM Table of Contents 1 Principles of Alternative Sources of Energy and Electric Generation.......................................................................................1 1.1 Scope of This Chapter.................................................................................. 1 1.2 Legal Definitions........................................................................................... 2 1.3 Principles of Electrical Conversion............................................................ 3 1.4 Basic Definitions of Electrical Power........................................................ 5 1.5 Characteristics of Primary Sources............................................................ 7 1.6 Characteristics of Remote Industrial, Commercial, Residential Sites and Rural Energy................................................................................ 9 1.7 Selection of the Electric Generator........................................................... 11 1.8 Interfacing Primary Source, Generator, and Load................................ 12 1.9 Example of a Simple Integrated Generating and Energy-Storing System...................................................................... 14 1.10 Problems....................................................................................................... 16 References.............................................................................................................. 17 2 Steady-State Model of the Induction Generator.......................19 2.1 Scope of This Chapter................................................................................ 19 2.1.1 Interconnection and Disconnection of the Electric Distribution Network.................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Robustness of the Induction Generator...................................... 21 2.2 Classical Steady-State Representation of the Asynchronous Machine........................................................................................................ 21 2.3 Generated Power........................................................................................ 25 2.4 Induced Torque........................................................................................... 27 2.5 Representation of the Induction Generator Losses............................... 30 2.6 Measurement of Induction Generator Parameters............................... 32 2.6.1 Blocked Rotor Test (s = 1)............................................................. 33 2.6.2 The No-Load Test (s = 0).............................................................. 35 2.7 Peculiarities of the Induction Machine Working as a Generator Interconnected to the Distribution Network.......................................... 36 2.8 High Efficiency Induction Generator...................................................... 39 2.9 Doubly-Fed Induction Generator............................................................. 40 2.10 Problems....................................................................................................... 40 References.............................................................................................................. 41 3 Transient Model of the Induction Generator............................43 3.1 Scope of This Chapter................................................................................ 43 55321_C00.fm Page viii Tuesday, October 30, 2007 8:57 AM 3.2 Induction Machine in Transient State..................................................... 43 3.3 State Space-Based Induction Generator Modeling............................... 44 3.3.1 No-load Induction Generator....................................................... 45 3.3.2 State Equations of SEIG with Resistive Load, R....................... 46 3.3.3 State Equations of SEIG with RLC Load................................... 47 3.4 Partition of SEIG State Matrix with RLC Load..................................... 49 3.5 Generalization of the Association of Self-Excited Generators............ 55 3.6 Relationship between Torque and Shaft Oscillation............................. 58 3.6.1 The Oscillation Equation............................................................... 58 3.7 Transient Simulation of Induction Generators...................................... 61 3.7.1 Example of the Transient Model of the Induction Generator......................................................................................... 63 3.7.2 Effect of RLC Load Connection................................................... 63 3.7.3 Loss of Excitation........................................................................... 63 3.7.4 Parallel Connection of Induction Generators............................ 64 3.8 Using This Chapter to Solve Typical Problems..................................... 65 3.9 Problems....................................................................................................... 66 References.............................................................................................................. 67 4 Self-Excited Induction Generator...............................................69 4.1 Scope of This Chapter................................................................................ 69 4.2 Performance of the Self-Excited Induction Generator......................... 69 4.3 Magnetizing Curves and Self-Excitation................................................ 72 4.4 Mathematical Description of the Self-Excitation Process.................... 75 4.5 Series Capacitors and Composed Excitation of the Induction Generator...................................................................................................... 82 4.6 Problems....................................................................................................... 83 References.............................................................................................................. 84 5 General Characteristics of the Induction Generator................87 5.1 Scope of this Chapter................................................................................. 87 5.2 Torque–Speed Characteristics of the Induction Generator.................. 87 5.3 Power versus Current Characteristics..................................................... 90 5.4 Rotor Power Factor as a Function of Rotation...................................... 92 5.5 Nonlinear Relationship between Air-Gap Voltage V and g Magnetizing Current I ............................................................................. 93 m 5.5.1 Minimization of Laboratory Tests............................................... 96 5.6 Example of Determination of the Magnetizing Curve and Magnetizing Reactance.............................................................................. 99 5.7 Voltage Regulation.................................................................................... 100 5.8 Characteristics of Rotation...................................................................... 102 5.9 Problems..................................................................................................... 106 References............................................................................................................ 108 55321_C00.fm Page ix Tuesday, October 30, 2007 8:57 AM 6 Construction Features of the Induction Generator ................109 6.1 Scope of This Chapter.............................................................................. 109 6.2 Electromechanical Considerations......................................................... 109 6.3 Optimization of the Manufacturing Process........................................ 115 6.4 Types of Design......................................................................................... 116 6.5 Sizing the Machine................................................................................... 119 6.6 Efficiency Issues........................................................................................ 121 6.7 Problems..................................................................................................... 125 References............................................................................................................ 126 7 Power Electronics for Interfacing Induction Generators.......127 7.1 Scope of This Chapter.............................................................................. 127 7.2 Power Semiconductor Devices............................................................... 127 7.3 Power Electronics and Converter Circuits........................................... 131 7.3.1 Regulators...................................................................................... 131 7.3.2 Inverters......................................................................................... 132 7.3.3 Protection and Monitoring Units.............................................. 132 7.4 DC to DC Conversion.............................................................................. 135 7.5 AC to DC Conversion.............................................................................. 139 7.5.1 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers, Uncontrolled and Controlled Types.................................................................. 139 7.6 DC to AC Conversion.............................................................................. 152 7.6.1 Single-Phase H-Bridge Inverter................................................. 153 7.6.2 Three-Phase Inverter.................................................................... 156 7.6.3 Multi-Step Inverter....................................................................... 156 7.6.4 The Multi-Level Inverter............................................................. 157 7.7 Direct AC to AC Conversion.................................................................. 159 7.7.1 Diode-Bridge Arrangement........................................................ 161 7.7.2 Common-Emitter Antiparallel IGBT Diode Pair.................... 161 7.7.3 Common-Collector Antiparallel IGBT Diode Pair................. 162 7.8 Problems..................................................................................................... 162 References............................................................................................................ 163 8 Scalar Control for Induction Generators.................................165 8.1 Scope of This Chapter.............................................................................. 165 8.2 Scalar Control Background..................................................................... 165 8.3 Scalar Control Schemes............................................................................ 169 8.4 Problems..................................................................................................... 173 References............................................................................................................ 174 9 Vector Control for Induction Generators.................................175 9.1 Scope of This Chapter.............................................................................. 175 9.2 Vector Control for Induction Generators.............................................. 175 9.3 Axis Transformation................................................................................. 176