ALTARS RESTORED This page intentionally left blank Altars Restored The Changing Face of English Religious Worship, 1547–c.1700 KENNETH FINCHAM and NICHOLAS TYACKE 1 1 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork ©KennethFinchamandNicholasTyacke2007 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2007 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd,King’sLynn,Norfolk ISBN978–0–19–820700–9 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Toourfamilies This page intentionally left blank Preface This book has been more than ten years in the making. First conceived as a joint article on ‘Caroline Altar Policy Revisited’, covering the years 1625–40, the project grew into a book proposal on the same period but now enti- tled ‘The Caroline Remodelling of English Religious Worship’. It became increasingly clear, however, that in order to understand fully the significance of religious developments under Charles I we needed to go much further back. Ultimately the logical starting-point emerged as the reign of Edward VI, when altars had first been destroyed as a matter of government policy. At the same time we came to the conclusion that stopping in 1640 was at best to leave the story only two-thirds told. Hence the final choice of dates: 1547–c.1700. The growing ambition of this project explains why it has taken so long to complete. Nevertheless we are very grateful to the University of Kent and to University College London for periods of sabbatical leave, and in the case of Kenneth Fincham to the then AHRB for a further period of funded leave, as well as to the British Academy Small Grants scheme for helping to defray the costs of visits to remoter archives. We also thank the Scouloudi Foundation which has generously paid for the illustrations. In the course of our labours we have incurred numerous debts to fellow scholars, archivists, librarians, and friends. Listed in alphabetical order they are: Rod Ambler,StefanAnderson,IanArcher,MargaretAston,CarolineBarron,Robert Beddard, George Bernard, Lloyd Bowen, Geoff Browell, Andrew Cambers, Marion Campbell, Jeremy Catto, Elizabeth Cawte, George Conyne, Barbara Coulton, John Craig, Nicholas Cranfield, David Crankshaw, Pauline Croft, RichardCust,BarbaraCoulton,SusanDoran,AngelaDoughty,LouiseDurning, Eamon Duffy, Jackie Eales, the late Luke Edwards, Lori Anne Ferrell, Tom Freeman,JohnFuller,ChristopherHaigh,SusanHardmanMoore,PaulHarvey, Clare Haynes, Felicity Heal, Andrew Hegarty, Steven Hobbs, Clive Holmes, Ann Hughes, Arnold Hunt, Susan Jack, Martin Jones, Anna Keay, Diarmaid MacCulloch, Peter McCullough, Doreen McVeigh, John Maddicot, Judith Maltby, Julia Merritt, Anthony Milton, Roger Norris, Kently Page, Jason Peacey,FrederickPercy,MichaelPort,StephenPorter,MichaelQuestier,Nigel Ramsay, Glyn Redworth, Matthew Reynolds, Peter Roberts, the late Conrad Russell, Benet Salway, Spencer Scott, Paul Seaver, Bill Sheils, John Spurr, MichaelStansfield,TomSteel,GrantTapsell,KeithThomas,AndrewThomson, Clare Tilbury, Brett Usher, Tim Wales, John Walter, Leonie Wells-Furby, Christopher Whittick, Peter Wilkinson, Peter Yorke. Especial thanks go to viii Preface DavidComo,TrevorCooper,AndrewFoster,LudmillaJordanova,PeterLake, andEmilyPegues;andlastbutnotleasttoKennethFincham’slong-sufferingco- directorsoftheClergyofEnglandDatabaseProject,ArthurBurnsandStephen Taylor. UniversityofKent K.F. UniversityCollegeLondon N.T. Contents ListofPlates x ListofFigures xi Acknowledgements xii ListofAbbreviationsandSymbols xiii Introduction 1 1. ‘TheStrippingoftheAltars’,1547–1560 8 2. TheEdwardianLegacy,1560–1604 39 3. Avant-gardeConformityandtheEnglishChurch,c.1590–1625 74 4. PropagandaWars,1624–1640 126 5. TheTurningoftheTables,1625–1640 176 6. TheBeautyofHoliness,1625–1640 227 7. RepressionandRevival,1640–1660 274 8. AltarsRestored,1660–c.1700 305 Conclusion 353 ManuscriptBibliography 357 Index 377