Newton’s Almshouses 1731 to 1964 Michael J Clarke 8/7/12 Time Line 1731 Vote to establish Workhouse 1734 Board of Overseers of the Poor established 1763 Vote to build Workhouse 1818 Poorhouse established in Auburndale at former home of John Pigeon 1840 Almshouse & Poor Farm moves to Waban 1842 Dorothea Dix visits Waban Almshouse 1880 Poor Department established 1881 Newton Cottage Hospital founded as part of Poor Department 1886 Newton Cottage Hospital opens as a private institution 1890 Poor Farm land purchased on Winchester St. next to Working Boys Home 1898 Poor Department becomes Charity Department 1899 Almshouse built at 525 Winchester St. 1900 Almshouse inmates move to Winchester St. 1905 Board of Overseers of the Poor replaced by a single Overseer 1909 Almshouse becomes City Home 1917 City Home expanded 1929 Charity Department becomes Department of Public Welfare Overseer of the Poor becomes Director of Public Welfare 1938 Brick and stone toolhouse built behind City Home 1941 Board of Public Welfare commences meeting 1946 City Home becomes City Infirmary 1956 City Infirmary barn and piggery destroyed by fire. New barn built. 1964 City Infirmary closes 1968 Department of Public Welfare and Board of Public Welfare abolished Infirmary Land and buildings transferred to the Recreation Commission 1974 Community Gardens established on Infirmary Lands 1980 Purchase of land from Xaverian Brothers Working Boys Home 1987 Nahanton Park established by combining Poor Farm with WBH land Cover: The Misfortunes of Old Age – On the Way to the Poorhouse, wood engraving by John N. Hyde, published in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, September 9, 1882. The Waban Almshouse in Newton, MA is depicted on the hill. Note the sign “Newton Centre – 2 miles ☞”. © Mike Clarke 2 Origins. Almshouses are intimately connected with our labor, social and economic histories.1,2 Inmates of early almshouses and workhouses included the ill, indigent, homeless, delinquent, disabled, alcoholic, insane and “feeble-minded”.3-5 In medieval times, the church established almshouses for the care of the poor. Following the black death of 1348-50 in England, the Statute of Cambridge in 1388 attempted to control the migration of scarce labor by placing restrictions on the movements of laborers and beggars.2 Each local area (a hundred) became responsible for the relief of those who could not look after themselves. Servants wishing to move out of the district needed a letter from the "good man of the Hundred", or risked being put in the stocks. Under the English Poor Law system, the poor were divided into the impotent poor, the young poor, the able-bodied poor, and the idle poor, who were considered undeserving of relief.6-8 Overseers of the Poor were established by the Act for the Relief of the Poor in 1597.7 A similarly named statute, also known as the Elizabethan Poor Law, was passed by Parliament in 1601 and created a national poor law system. The Poor Relief Act of 1662 determined that a person needed a “settlement” establishing the parish, to which the person belonged, that would be responsible for providing Poor Relief chargeable to the parish poor rates. By Cromwellian times, the term workhouse had replaced almshouse, reflecting Puritan attitudes. The Workhouse Test Act of 1723 said that those who wanted to receive relief had to enter a workhouse and undertake a set amount of work.6 The test was intended to prevent irresponsible claims on parishes. As relief was often only possible inside the workhouse, the real test was whether people would decide to enter the poorhouse or try to somehow continue on their own. In New England, the terms overseer of the poor, settlement, chargeable, able-bodied and idle poor would persist well into the 20th century. New England. One way early Massachusetts communities would deal with the poor was to “warn them out.'' If a town feared one of its residents was not be able to provide for themselves, it might either force them out - or leave them to fend for themselves.8 Towns would regularly exile women late in their pregnancy, so as to not have two mouths to feed.9,10 Newton first voted to establish a workhouse in 1731. In 1733, the Selectmen authorized the use of one of the school houses for a work house, during the recess of the school, and that the Selectmen, or Overseers of the Poor, would have the power to set idle and disorderly persons to work. The first Overseers of the Poor were designated in 1734 and a committee was established to build a workhouse in 1750. However, it is not until 1763 that Newton put money behind its intentions and authorized £50 to build a workhouse, 24 ft x 26 ft, one story high. In 1765, a committee, which had been appointed to examine the laws relevant to regulating the workhouse, recommended that the Selectmen should temporarily run the workhouse until the next meeting, when the overseers of the house would be chosen.11 The locations of these first workhouses were not specified, but detailed rules for the workhouse were drafted in 1768, including: That if any person or persons shall neglect to repair to his or their work…….they shall be punished, either by denying him, her or them a meal, or whole day's allowance, or by gagging, or by whipping, not exceeding five stripes; or causing him, her or them to wear a collar round about his, her or their neck, with a wooden clog to it; or by an addition of labor to their daily task… © Mike Clarke 3 Let Out the Poor. In the early 1800s, Massachusetts towns experimented with an alternative to workhouses. In 1805, Newton authorized the Selectmen to “let out the poor in a way that shall appear to them for the interest of the town.”12 This involved “venduing'' whereby the poor would be boarded out by means of auction (vendue) in which the winning bidder charged the least to board the poor.9,10,13 The winning bidder might also benefit from the labor of the boarder. Dorothea Dix expressed the following view of this process in Newton: As, till within a late period, the town had owned no farm for the poor, this man, with others, had been annually put up at auction. I hope there is nothing offensive in the idea of these annual sales of old men and women, — the sick, the infirm, and the helpless, the middle-aged, and children. Why should we not sell people as well as otherwise blot out human rights: it is only being consistent, surely not worse than chaining and caging naked lunatics upon public roads or burying them in closets and cellars!14 In Newton, venduing largely ended in 1817, but with exceptions noted later. In the following year, the lower farm of Captain Joel Houghton, consisting of 43 acres and convenient buildings formerly known as the Henry Pigeon Farm at Auburndale was purchased for $2,500. This poorhouse was at the corner of Melrose and Auburn Streets in Auburndale, probably where the Auburndale Library and Turtle Lane Playhouse are today (Figure 1).11 Dr. Lyman Gilbert, a resident of West Newton in the 1800s,15 wrote that “The Pigeon, house had become the home of the Poor, before I saw it. The inmates ranged from 22 to 28 in number. Of these, three or four were insane. Several were victims of intemperance.”11 It is notable that Newton established a poorhouse and largely ended venduing prior to the Quincy Report of 1821, which surveyed the methods Massachusetts towns used to provide for their poor and concluded that an almshouse with attached poor farm was the best means of doing so.16 Figure 1. Location of the Auburndale Workhouse on the River to County Road. 1831 Town Map © Mike Clarke 4 Poorhouse Rules. The rules of the Poorhouse at Auburndale remained reminiscent of those of the earlier workhouse and included: All persons in this house who are able are to be kept to labor; and if any person or persons who are able shall refuse to work, or shall be slothful in their work, or shall waste or destroy the materials they are working upon, thev shall be punished therefor.11 The punishment for a breach of any of these articles by any of the paupers shall be by reducing the usual allowance of food, or by solitary confinement, or both, under the direction of the Overseers of the Poor. But in cases of outrage, when the security of any person is in danger by violence offered to any in this house, then the Keeper shall secure the author or authors of such outrage until notice can be given to one or more of the Overseers.11 As the railroad brought more people, and the Poorhouse at Auburndale was on the road to the river and in a place suitable for a station, the land grew more valuable and the residents became less amenable to the wards of the institution. Consequently, around 1840, 40 acres were bought on the Sherburne Road (now Beacon St., Figure 2) and new buildings erected so that the poor farm and almshouse could be moved to the backwaters of Waban on the site of what is now the brick shopping district and the Angier School.11 An historian of Newton expressed the following view of the poorhouse in 1880: Such were the early provisions made for the poor of Newton, dictated, undoubtedly by the spirit of kindness, but difficult to be administered, owing to the depravity of human nature and the growing disposition of unworthy, designing and idle persons to secure a living without earning it. The difficulty of managing wisely this department of the government has grown everywhere with the growth of the country. Too often the unworthy and foreigners have found ample provision for their wants and the modest and worthy native poor, entitled above all to the benefit of such provision, have suffered.11 In contrast to the Puritan attitudes concerning poorhouses, in 1864, when Newton took over the sales of intoxicating beverages, the almshouse was the designated distribution center.4,17 Time for Asylums. It was the Waban Almshouse that Dorothea Dix visited in the fall of 1842. With some difficulty, she persuaded the matron to let her see two of the insane inmates, about whom she related the following to the Massachusetts Legislature in 1843:14,18 Opening into this room only was the second, which was occupied by a woman, not old, and furiously8 mad. It contained a wooden bunk filled with filthy straw, the room itself a counterpart to the lodging-place. Inexpressibly disgusting and loathsome was all; but the inmate herself was even more horribly repelling. She rushed out, as far as the chains would allow, almost in a state of nudity, exposed to a dozen persons, and vociferating at the top of her voice, pouring forth such a flood of indecent language as might corrupt even Newgate. I entreated the man, who was still there, to go out and close the door. He refused. That was his place! Sick, horror-struck, and almost incapable of retreating, I gained the outer air, and hastened to see the other subject, to remove from a scene so outraging all decency and humanity. In the apartment over that last described was a crazy man, I was told. I ascended the stairs in the woodshed, and, passing through a small room, stood at the entrance of the one occupied, — occupied with what? © Mike Clarke 5 The furniture was a wooden box or bunk containing straw, and something I was told was a man, — I could not tell, as likely it might have been a wild animal, — half-buried in the offensive mass that made his bed, his countenance concealed by long, tangled hair and unshorn beard. He lay sleeping. Filth, neglect, and misery reigned there. I begged he might not be roused. If sleep could visit a wretch so forlorn, how merciless to break the slumber! Protruding from the foot of the box was — nay, it could not be the feet; yet from these stumps, these maimed members, were swinging chains, fastened to the side of the building. I descended. The master of the house briefly stated the history of these two victims of wretchedness. The old man had been crazy about twenty years. But, as I was saying, the crazy man was annually sold to some new master; and a few winters since, being kept in an out-house, the people within, being warmed and clothed, ''did not reckon how cold it was"; and so his feet froze. Were chains now the more necessary? He cannot run. But he might crawl forth, and in his transports of frenzy ''do some damage." That young woman,— her lot is most appalling. Who shall dare describe it? Who shall have courage or hardihood to write her history? That young woman was the child of respectable, hard- working parents. The girl became insane. The father, a farmer, with small means from a narrow income had placed her at the State Hospital. There, said my informer, she remained as long as he could by any means pay her expenses. Then, then only, he resigned her to the care of the town, to those who are, in the eye of the law, the guardians of the poor and needy. She was placed with the other town paupers, and given in charge to a man. I assert boldly, as truly, that I have given but a, faint representation of what she was, and what was her condition as I saw her last autumn. Written language is weak to declare it.14 In her effort to persuade the legislature to invest in insane asylums, Dix also added the following case to her diatribe:14 It may not appear much more credible than the fact above stated, that a few months since a young woman in a state of complete insanity was confined entirely naked in a pen or stall in a barn. There, unfurnished with clothes, without bed and without fire, she was left— but not alone. Profligate men and idle boys had access to the den, whenever curiosity or vulgarity prompted. She is now removed into the house with other paupers; and for this humanizing benefit she was indebted to the remonstrances, in the first instance, of an insane man. Dix’s campaign had fair success as far as Newton was concerned. In 1893, the report of the Overseers of Poor notes: “The recognized increase of Insanity, appears in our city equally with other communities. With such facilities as exist at our almshouse at present, it has not seemed desireable or profitable to remove from Insane Hospitals cases there provided for and chargeable to the City of Newton.” The report then lists the steadily increasing bills for the support of the insane in hospitals over the previous ten years.19 The Hydes - Rich and Poor. Newton has retained the Almshouse Registers for its inmates from 1819-1859 and 1865-1889.20,21 From 1880 to 1923, the US Census counted paupers in a periodic “Paupers in Almshouses” series. New England appears to have had the most paupers in almshouses on a per capita basis, with Massachusetts averaging about 4th in the nation.3 New England also had the highest number of foreign-born in its almshouses. © Mike Clarke 6 One family that makes the transition between the poorhouse and the almshouse is that of John and Hannah Hyde. It is possible that this family descended from either of the two Hyde founding families of Newton. Samuel Hyde (1610-1689) and his brother Jonathan Hyde (1626-1711) settled in what was then called Cambridge Village in 1640 and 1647 respectively. They acquired several hundred acres of land in the vicinity of the Meeting House and Burying Ground, which they held in common until 1661. Samuel settled north of the Old Burying Ground, Jonathan to the south near the corner of Homer Street. The “Hyde House” was on Centre St. but is now at 27 George Street.22 The home of Jonathan’s son Eleazar (1664-1731) is at 401 Woodward Street,23 part of which was known as the Sherburne Road. Both houses are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.22,23 Hannah Hyde entered the Auburndale Poorhouse on March 28, 1834 with three children John, Jr., who is seven, Mary (5) and William (3), and is joined by her Husband John on September 11.21,24 Hannah and John lived continuously in the almshouse for the next forty years.20 A year after their arrival, Hannah delivered a baby girl, Elizabeth, on March 10, 1836. Two more girls follow, Caroline (October 14, 1839) and Emerline (March 1, 1842) and then a boy, Charles, on December 1, 1843. Hannah bears three more girls: Adeline (November 7, 1847), Eunice (1849), Eleanor (March 6, 1850) and finally a boy Alfred in 1853, when she is 45.20,24-27 On April 12, 1847, the pauper register records the following contract regarding the fifteen-year old William Hyde: “The Selectmen agree with Noah S. King for the service of William Hyde a pauper in the town of Newton. The condition of this circumstance is as follows: said King is to clothe and board said William Hyde and send him to all the winter terms of public school in the school district in which said N.S. King resides. This assignment is to expire at the time said Hyde shall become eighteen years of age. Should said Hyde have a protracted sickness some consideration is to be made by the town.”21 On the same page, we find: “Caroline Hyde let out to Sylvams Wetherbee. Said Wetherbee to board and clothe said Caroline and send her to the public school in consideration of her service. Caroline is to stay with said Wetherbee until she is eighteen years of age unless she is married prior to that time.”21 Similarly, “Elizabeth Hyde is with Samuel Riay. Said Raiy is to board Elizabeth and send Elizabeth to the public school in consideration of her service. Said Elizabeth is to remain with said Reay till she is eighteen years old unless she is married before that time.” 21 Years later, we learn that “Charles Hyde went to Elazer Tyler in Natick to live, April the 18th, 1853.” An entry on April 12, 1854 relates that “Adaline Hyde went to live with Wetherbee at Newton Corner.” In another on March 17, 1858, “Adaline Hyde 6 weeks at [illegible] age 10.”20 There are several other instances when the children are recorded as “went away”, which may or may not have been periods of indenture. © Mike Clarke 7 When he was 18, Charles enrolled in the 58th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Company G, a regiment that in 1864-65 engaged in almost every major conflict of the Army of the Potomac from the Wilderness Campaign to Appomattox. Charles died on Nantucket in 1920.25 The youngest, Alfred, is in and out of the almshouse in 1868, 1872, 1880, and the last time from 1884-86. His daughter, Ida, is there in 1880, and his other daughters, Ethel and Hettie, are there in 1885, as is his wife Martha, in both 1880 and 1885.20,24 Alfred dies in Natick in 1897. The father, John, leaves the almshouse three days after his wife dies on December 13, 1874, shortly after their possible relative, James Francis Clark Hyde, became the first mayor of the new City of Newton. John cycles in and out of the almshouse over a period of years and is permanently in the almshouse from 1878 until he dies at 87 years of age on March 28, 1886.20,24 The Hydes had 36 known grandchildren.28 While it is unusual that an entire large family would be in the Almshouse for so long, an excerpt from the Selectmen’s Report of 1860 may shed some light on this. Newton was among the first towns settled in Massachusetts history dating back to the year 1639, then under the name of “Newtown.” By an act of the General Court, it received its present name Dec. 8, 1691. Many of the descendants of the early settlers claim aid or support from the Town. Sometimes these claims run back three or four generations, they having, for some cause, failed to gain any other settlement, or their ancestors for them. The investigation of these cases renders the office of Overseer of the Poor one of considerable importance and great responsibility.29 Notably one of the Selectmen, who were also the Overseers of the Poor, was J.F.C. Hyde, from at 1858 to 1869.30,31 His brother, John Newton Hyde, a political cartoonist who also illustrated a large number of children’s books (including Poor-House Sam32), was one of America’s best artists in black and white engraving.34 His 1882 engraving captioned “The misfortunes of old age-on the way to the poorhouse” portraying an old man waiting outside the Waban Almshouse below a sign saying “Newton Centre 2 Miles” is shown on the cover.35,36 Could the old man be the other John Hyde who was the father of ten in the almshouse and in and out of the almshouse in the 1880s? © Mike Clarke 8 Two Newton Almshouses in 1900 Stadly maps in 1900 showing simultaneous Almshouses both in Newton Highlands and Waban. (Courtesy of Peter Kastner, Community Heritage Maps) Figure 2. 1900 Stadly map showing location of Waban Almshouse and Poor Farm. © Mike Clarke 9 Figure 3. 1900 Stadly Map showing (shaded) location of new Almshouse and Poor Farm at 525 Winchester St. The Railroad Cometh (Again). The mayor's address in 1881 indicates that 32 acres of land and a house were bought in 1880 for $3,200 in order to make the farm complete (Figure 2). The mayor justified the purchase by indicating that the income received from the expanded farm acreage amounted to a very high rate of interest upon the cost of the 32 acres. Moreover, the additional house “could be converted into a small-pox hospital, should our city be again visited by that scourge”.37 Despite the expansion, the mayor felt that the almshouse was inadequate to meet the needs of the city, since it had more inmates than it could accommodate, necessitating placing too many people in a room, and “not affording that disposition of children which is required”.37 The clerk of the Overseers of the Poor, Nathan Mosman, also noted that “the almshouse, which has been built about thirty-five years with little enlargement or improvement, is too limited in capacity for the present needs of the city.”38 The next year, the Overseers and the City Council allocated $4000 to enlarge the back of the almshouse with a two-story 100’x14’ addition. This provided an additional 14’ to the dining room and kitchen, enlarged the pantry, storeroom, and the men’s sitting room, as well as hospital rooms and allowed for a larger proportion of single rooms. Overall the new arrangement consisted of 18 small and 8 large bedrooms, 4 square hospital rooms, one cell room, a men’s sitting room, bathroom, and the larger pantry, kitchen and dining room (Figure 9). The dining room was also used for religious meetings during the summer with several of the city’s pastors visiting to preach. In order to better heat the building, the old furnaces were removed and steam heat installed.39 The enlargement and other renovations of the Almshouse also appear to have impacted out-of- almshouse aid as the Overseers could now limit aid to those in the almshouse, as was done with the Workhouse Test Act: The house and farm in their present condition and good management deserve a visit from citizens interested in this department of City work. The house now is such in capacity and equipment that the Board can, as occasion requires, refuse aid excepting at the Almshouse. It has been impracticable in the past, from lack of accommodations, to do this in many cases, where it seemed desirable. Although the comforts at the Almshouse are complete, a refusal to aid except there, proves in many cases an end of calls for aid. 39 © Mike Clarke 10