STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT OF JUDAH EDITED BY F. GARCIA MARTINEZ ASSOCIATE EDITOR P.W. FLINT VOLUME XLII ' I 6 8 י ' ALL THE GLORY OF ADAM Liturgical Anthropology in the Dead Sea Scrolls CRISPIN H.T. FLETCHER-LOUIS י י 6 8 י< ' BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON · KÖLN 2002 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufhahme Fletcher-Louis, Crispin H.T : All the Glory of Adam / by Crispin H.T. Fletcher-Louis. - Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2002 (Studies on the texts of the desert ofjudah ; Vol. 42) ISBN 90-04-12326-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is also available ISSN 0169-9962 ISBN 90 04 12326 1 © Copyright 2002 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Inden, Tlie Netherlands All, rights reserved. Mo part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 DamrersMA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS Christopher Rowland CONTENTS Preface xi I. Allelomorphism in Late Second Temple Judaism 1 Jewish angelomorphism: An overview of texts, themes and setting 5 Conclusion 32 II. The Divine and Pricsily Noah 33 Is Noah an angel? 37 Noah as angelomorphic priest: The life setting of his wondrous birth 39 The birth of the priestly Noah in its wider history-of-religions context 49 III. The Angelomorphic Priesthood in Conceptual Perspective 56 The angelomorphic priesthood in the cosmic temple .... 61 The chief priesthood as the embodiment of God's Glory 68 Sirach 50 and the praise of the high priest as the One Jewish God 72 Conclusion 84 IV. A Divine and Angelic Humanity in the DSS 88 Humanity as the Glory of God in Qumran texts 91 Transformation in the Hodayot 104 IQ/4QInstruction 113 Josephus on Essene Theological Anthropology 123 Qumran angelomoiphism and sectarian ascetism 131 Conclusion 135 V. The Divine and Angelic Moses at Qumran 136 4Q374 Frag. 2 col. ii: The Deification of Moses at Sinai 136 Vlll CONTENTS 4Q377 Frag. 1 recto col. ii Moses and priesthood VI. Priestly Allelomorphism in the DSS The blessing of the high priest (lQSb 4:24-28) The founding of an angelic priesthood among the Holy (4Q511 35) Israel are the Holy Ones and Aaron are the Holiest of the Holy Ones 4Q418 (4QInstruction) Frag. 81 4QVisions of Amram(a+C' ar: Aaron as God and the Angel of God 4QAaron A l'Vag. 9: A heavenly ami cosmogonie high priest 4Q468b: The solar high priest and the light of his garments 4Q513 (4Qprdinancesb): Angelic food for the priesthood 4Q369 1 ii (Prayer of Enosh(?)) A throne in the heavens for the divine human mediator Melchizedek in 11 QMelchizedek VII. The High Priest, the Breastpicce and the Urim and Thummim at Qumran The Light-giving stones and the Tongues of Fire (1Q29 + 4Q376) Levi's possession of the Urim and Thummim (Deut 33:8-10 and 4Q175) Twelve chief priests' illuminating judgement of the UT (4QpIsa׳') The UT and the perfect light of God's presence ... ... The perfect light of the UT in the Hodayot The theophanic presence of the light giving headdress (4Q408) The UT, the high priest' breastpiece and the name "Essenes" VIII. The Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice Introduction CONTENTS IX Newsom's interpretation paradigm and its problems 253 Qumran theological anthropology and the Sabbath Songs 277 IX. The First Song (4Q400 1 I): The Founding of a Divine Community 280 Problems of the angel reading 281 4Q400 1 i and the founding of an angelic priesthood in 4Q511 35 293 4Q400 1 i and the formation of the cultic community in the 1QS 296 The sectarian elohim, the qerubim and the angelic rhmibim (lino 6) 299 Conclusion and prospects for a new reading of the Songs 301 X. The Second to the Twelfth of the Sabbath Songs 306 The second song 306 The sixth song 309 The seventh song 325 The eighth song 335 The ninth song 338 The tenth song 341 The eleventh song 342 The twelfth song 345 XI. Song 13 356 Angelic humans wonderfully dressed for service 358 The identification of the "spirits" in 4Q405 23ii 365 The lightgiving stones of the breastplate 368 The Chief Priests' embodying the Glory of God 373 Embodiment of the Glory in wider Jewish perspective 378 The chief priesthood as the recipients of worship 381 Cosmology and the climax of the cycle's ritualized ascent 382 The vision of the breastpieces, the Essenes and the Qumran community 388 Conclusion to the Sabbath Songs 391 χ CONTENTS XII. The War Scroll Humanity and the angels in battle together .. Divine and human agency Columns 10-19: The ideological heart of the holy war Conclusion Bibliography Indices Index of Authors Index of Sources Index of Subjects PREFACE This book is the development of a footnote in my published doc- toral dissertation (Luke-Acts: Angels, Chistology and Selenology) and an attempt to answer a question which, doctorates being limited in length as they are these days, I did not have space to address in that work. The second part of that work was a survey of the late Second Temple evidence for the belief in an ideal humanity which is angelic (or "angelomorphic") or divine in nature or status. In a footnote (o a brief discussion of the evidence of the I.)SS I suggested that the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice had been misinterpreted and that insufficient scope had hitherto been given to the possibility that this angelic liturgy assumed a transformed, angelic humanity as the wor- shipping community. As I began to work in detail on that liturgical text it became clear to me that indeed a very different interpréta- tive paradigm was needed if it was to be placed in its appropriate tradition-historical and history-of-religions contexts. The rest of this study then grew up around what eventually became the four chap- ters (8-11) devoted to a revisionist reading of the Sabbath Songs. Since others (most notably Charles Gieschen and William Hor- bury) have, independently, undertaken similar surveys of the mate- rial in the literature oflate Second Temple period a divine or angelic humanity is now, I hope, reckoned to be widespread. Whilst I attempted as thorough a survey as possible in my work on Luke- Acts, I did not adequately address the social and religious life-set- ting of an essentially literary pattern of belief. What was die experiential context which lead (some) Jews to believe that they—or their heroes— were divine? What were the wider, cosmological, co-ordinates of a world-view which fostered an angelomorphic anthropology? Already, in the latter stages of my doctoral work it became clear to me that in large measure it is the experience of worship in Israel's temple and a sophisticated, if decidedly un-modern, mythological under- standing of temple time and space which answers these questions. And so, the other impetus for writing this book has been an attempt to demonstrate not only that Jews in antiquity had a much higher, positive, anthropology than is normally assumed, but that they held such an anthropology within the context of an understanding of the