Advancing Strategic Thought Series HUMAN INTELLIGENCE: ALL HUMANS, ALL MINDS, ALL THE TIME Robert D. Steele May 2010 Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. The views expressed in this report are those of the au- thor and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Depart- ment of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Authors of Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) publications enjoy full academic freedom, provided they do not disclose classified information, jeopardize operations security, or misrepresent official U.S. policy. Such academic freedom empowers them to offer new and sometimes controversial perspectives in the interest of furthering debate on key issues. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** This publication is subject to Title 17, United States Code, Sections 101 and 105. 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If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please subscribe on the SSI website at www.StrategicStudiesInstitute. army.mil/newsletter/. ***** Previous works by Mr. Steele include: 1. Information Operations: Putting the “I” Back Into DIME, February 2006, available from www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/ display.cfm?pubID=642. In the Age of Information, the primary source of national power is information that has been converted into actionable intelligence or usable knowledge. Information operations is the critical ingredient in early warning, peacekeep- ing, stabilization and reconstruction, and homeland defense. ii 2. The New Craft of Intelligence: Achieving Asymmetric Advantage in the Face of Nontraditional Threats, February 2002, available from www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pub ID=217. This monograph is the third in the Strategic Studies Insti- tute’s “Studies in Asymmetry” Series. In it, the author examines two paradigm shifts—one in relation to the threat and a second in relation to intelligence methods—while offering new models for threat analysis and intelligence operations in support of policy, acquisition, and commands engaged in nontraditional asymmet- ric confrontation. 3. Chapter 9, “Threats, Strategy and Force Structure: An Alternative Paradigm for National Security in the 21st Century,” in Steven Metz, ed., Revising the Two MTW Force-Shaping Paradigm, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, April 2001, pp. 139-163, available from www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/ PUB297.pdf. 4. Chapter 12, “Presidential Leadership and National Security Policymaking,” in Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Organizing for National Security, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, November 2000, pp. 245-282, available from www. strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB299.pdf. ISBN 1-58487-439-2 iii FOREWORD For almost 2 decades, the author has been explor- ing the opportunities for strategy, force structure, and interagency or coalition operations in light of changes in the real world. His first monograph, The New Craft of Intelligence: Achieving Asymmetric Advantage in the Face of Nontraditional Threats, outlined the relevance of his vision to asymmetric warfare, and has since been proven to be true. His second monograph, Information Operations: Putting the “I” Back Into DIME, established the technical, conceptual, and doctrinal opportunities for a world in which every soldier’s primary duty is not to be a rifleman (an inherent responsibility), but rather to apply the wisdom of Colonel John Boyd, USAF (Ret.), and Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act (OODA)—to be, at all times, a consummate collector, producer, consumer, and analyst of real-world real- time information and intelligence, while also serving as a communicator at a face-to-face level. With this third and final monograph in the series, the author explores the centrality of Human Intel- ligence (HUMINT) in meeting the needs of the U.S. Army, as well as the Department of Defense (DoD), and the whole of government, for relevant informa- tion and tailored intelligence essential to creating a national security strategy; for defining whole of gov- ernment policies that work in harmony; for acquisi- tion of the right capabilities at the right price in time to be useful; and for operations, both local and global. The author outlines 15 distinct types of HUMINT, only four of which are classified (defensive and offen- sive counterintelligence, clandestine operations, and covert action), with the other 11 being predominantly unclassified. Additionally, he argues that they are v completely lacking in integrated management or in- novative leadership. The author, well-grounded in the literature of how complex organizations fail and how resilience and sustainability can be achieved through collective intelligence, offers the U.S. Army an orien- tation to a world in which thinkers displace shooters as the center of gravity for planning, programming, and budgeting, as well as the proper structuring of mission mandates, force structures, and tactics and techniques to be used in any given mission area. DOUGLAS C. LOVELACE, JR. Director Strategic Studies Institute vi ABOUT THE AUTHOR ROBERT D. STEELE is a retired Marine Corps infan- try and intelligence officer and also qualified as an S-1/Adjutant, with service at all levels from platoon to Service Headquarters. After four years active duty, the balance of twenty to be spent in the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR), and a decade as a clandestine case officer for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), he resigned from the CIA to accept a Marine Corps invitation to be the senior civilian responsible for cre- ating the Marine Corps Intelligence Center (today a Command) and served as the study director for the flagship study, Overview of Planning and Programming Factors for Expeditionary Operations in the Third World. He resigned from the Marine Corps civil service in 1993 to lead the modern Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) revolution, and is the author of the DIA, NATO, and SOF OSINT Handbooks, as well as personally respon- sible for training 7,500 officers from 66 countries. His latest book, INTELLIGENCE for EARTH: Clarity, Di- versity, Integrity, and Sustainability, outlines a course of action for creating public intelligence in the public interest across all organizations, beginning with the United Nations. Mr. Steele founded OSS.Net, Inc. and Earth Intelligence Network, the latter a 501c3 public charity, and is the foremost proponent for a Swedish concept enhancing, Multinational, Multiagency, Mul- tidisciplinary, Multi-domain Information-Sharing and Sense-Making (M4IS2). Mr. Steele holds graduate degrees in international relations and public adminis- tration from Lehigh University and the University of Oklahoma. He has also earned certificates in intelli- gence policy from Harvard University and a diploma in defense studies from the Naval War College. vii PREFACE This monograph was inspired by three U.S. Army encounters. First, was a pro bono engagement with the new U.S. Army Civil Affairs Brigade, then com- manded by Col Ferd Irizarry, USA. His vision for the future is breathtaking: a future in which Civil Affairs personnel are the essential facilitators for transitions to and from hostilities, as well as the essential means by which multinational information-sharing and sense-making that is unclassified, can be shared, and helps to prevent conflict while creating local stabiliz- ing wealth. Next came the annual U.S. Army Strategy Conference of 2008, focused on “Rebalancing the In- struments of National Power.” The findings of that event are a perfect introduction for this monograph, and are summarized in an Appendix with pointers to longer summaries. Finally came an encounter with a most professional officer, the Chief of Staff for the Directorate for Human Intelligence (DH) within the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). That individual’s open-mindedness led to an overnight drafting of the new craft of human intelligence (HUMINT) in the con- text of the DIA’s global mission and global challenges. My own view, formed over 3 decades in govern- ment service, is that the military is the one part of gov- ernment that is able to move, do, and communicate on a global basis, and we need to find a way to expand that capability to empower the “whole of government.” I believe that the Department of Defense (DoD) must become a “core force” for the nation, a broader deeper foundation for national security than merely warfight- ing, with two major support functions: 1. Be the basis for a coherent polity, using a uni- ix versal draft with three options after a com- mon boot camp: Armed Forces, Peace Corps, or Homeland Service. 2. Be the global general service for multinational and interagency communications, intelligence, logistics, and mobility. From Base Force to Core Force and Beyond. General Colin Powell, USA (Ret.), devised the con- cept of a “Base Force.” This inspired me, when invited to speak in Germany at the George Marshall Center in the 1990s, to devise the concept of the “Core Force.” Within DoD, the U.S. Army would be the “core of the core” (see Figure 1.) Figure 1: Core Force with Eight Human Functions. The core force, the inner circle, represents the ser- vices of common concern without which no world power can operate: the ability to communicate any- x