Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Engenharia Civil 2015 Alice Maria Tavares Estratégia de Conservação Integrada do Património Alves da Costa Edificado Integrated Conservation Strategy of Built Heritage Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Engenharia Civil 2015 Alice Maria Tavares Estratégia de Conservação Integrada do Património Alves da Costa Edificado. Sistemas construtivos tradicionais e materiais naturais Integrated Conservation Strategy of Built Heritage. Traditional construction systems and natural materials Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Engenharia Civil, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Aníbal Guimarães da Costa, Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro e coorientação do Doutor Humberto Salazar Amorim Varum, Professor Catedrático da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto. Dedicatória Aos meus filhos André Guilherme e Inês Sofia e a meus bisavós Olinda Cavadinha d’Almeida Magalhães e Leonardo Teixeira de Magalhães. o júri presidente Prof. Doutor João Lemos Pinto Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutor Aníbal Guimarães da Costa Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro (Orientador) Prof. Doutor António José Coelho Dias Arêde Professor Associado do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Prof. Doutor Jorge Morarji dos Remédios Dias Mascarenhas Professor Coordenador do Instituto Politécnico de Tomar Prof.ª Doutora Clara de Carvalho Pimenta do Vale Professora Auxiliar da Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade do Porto Prof.ª Doutora Ana Luísa Pinheiro Lomelino Velosa Professora Associada da Universidade de Aveiro acknowledgements I am grateful to all who contributed to the successful accomplishment of this PHD thesis, but I wish to dedicate special thanks to: - My Supervisor, Professor Dr Aníbal Costa for his enduring support and encouragement through the years and for always having faith in my work. It has been a great privilege to learn from one of the best expert in the field of my research and whose leadership is recognized and highly appreciated. I would also like to gratefully and sincerely thank for his guidance and friendship and for the opportunity to take part in many interesting projects that contribute to my professional growth. - My Co-supervisor Professor Dr Humberto Varum for believing in successful accomplishment and for the guidance. - Professor Drª Dina D’Ayala for keeping high standards in all the debates with me, for her faith in my PhD achievement and for all the support during the period of my internship at the University of Bath at UK in the beginning of my PhD. - Professor Dr António Arêde for the support in the surveys to monumental buildings, a relevant opportunity to follow and compare conservation strategies. - My Advisor Prof. Dr José Francisco dos Santos for always meeting me even in the busiest times and guide me in the geosciences issues. - Prof Dr Fernando Rocha, Prof Dr Ana Velosa for sharing information. - Prof Dr Fernando Mangas Catarino for the encouragement to start this research and Prof Dr Enrico Fodde for sharing information. - Prof Dr Romeu Vicente for the support about thermal issues and friendship. - Prof Dr Vitor Quintino for the special photos of laboratory specimens and Prof Drª Ana Rodrigues for her friendship and solidarity. - Dr José Melo and DrHugo Rodrigues for all the prontly support and friendship - Isabel Ribeiro for her dedication, solidarity and continuous support. - Prof Drª Fernanda Rodrigues, Prof Drª Margareth Figueiredo. Engª Esmeralda Paupério, Prof Drª Clara Vale, Drª Regina Modolo. - Prof Dr Carlos Oliveira and Prof Drª Teresa Guevara for the opportunity to share information about seismic issues and support my interest in this field. - Prof Drª Mariana Correia for the valious recommendations in my Research Seminary and to DrªMaria Fernandes for the advises and sharing of information. - Viviana Novelli, Sara Paganoni and Carina Fonseca for their encouraging friendship, for my exceptional experience at Bath and for sharing information. - Carlota Mendes and Diana Carina for the complementary work about termal issues, Sérgio Cunha for the help during laboratory tests. - Bárbara Ferreira for the 3D images support and dedication. Margarida Lemos for her solidarity and friendship. - My PhD working friends for friendly support. - Engª Maria Carlos, Vitor Rodrigues and Jorge Fonseca from the DECivil laboratory. - Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Aveiro. - Faculty of Civil Engineering of University of Porto. - A special thank you to all the owners of the houses under surveyed or that kindly support the survey process: Capitain Rafeiro, D. Maria, Eng. Fernando Gil and DrªFilipa Quatorze (from Vista Alegre Atlantis S.A); Cristina Lebre and family. - My sun André and my daughter Inês Sofia for the inspiration, for sharing a marvelous family sense and for the sacrífice of countless hours that I have dedicated to research. - My parents Arlete and Aparício and my sisters and brothers Fabíola, Sara, Paulo and Pedro, for their continuous strength and support.