Alice in the Land of Plants . Yiannis Manetas Alice in the Land of Plants Biology of Plants and Their Importance for Planet Earth YiannisManetas DepartmentofBiology UniversityofPatras Patras Greece TranslatedbyClioWeber,Thessaloniki,Greece TranslationfromtheGreeklanguageedition: ΤIΘΑΕΒLΕΠΕΗΑLIKΗSΤΗΧΩΡΑΤΩΝΦYTΩΝ #CreteUniversityPress2010 CartoonsbyMyrsiniManeta,Athens,Greece ISBN978-3-642-28337-6 ISBN978-3-642-28338-3(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-28338-3 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012940412 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher, whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being enteredand executed on a computer system,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthis publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsfor usemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,service marks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecific statement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whilethe adviceand information inthisbookare believed tobetrueand accurateatthedateofpublication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthe publishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthat may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Coverdesign:deblik,Berlin,basedonthecoveroftheGreekedition Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Dedicatedtomyfirstteacher,NikyParousi,andto: Constantinos Mitrakos Hemming Virgin George Akoyounoglou Nikos Gavalas ...who pointed me towards the scientific route Fύsiς krύptesyaijile´ı (Nature loves to hide itself) ΗΡAKLEIΤΟS Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. ALBERT EINSTEIN . Preface vii Preface Why did I write this book, and why should you read it? I could state that my motive is that I know plants; I have been teaching their biology at the university for 30years.However,notruthisabsolute,andthepreced- ing statement sounds unacceptably vain and boastful. So to restate: I know, as does the rest of the scientific communityinvolvedinthesubject,justasmallpart—a nugget, I would say—of the biology of plants, the part thatpresent-daymethodsallowustoseeandthecurrent theories allow us to assume. This book contains what we accept about plant biology at the dawn of the 21st century. Future generations will learn more. Letusassumethatauniversityprofessor’saimisnot onlytoannouncetheresultsofhisorherresearchtothe scientific community and to distill knowledge of his or herfieldforstudents,butalsototransferthisknowledge to the general public, which is always an interesting intellectual exercise. The hardest questions asked of a scientist are those that seem na¨ıve on the surface, such asthoseaskedbyachildorbyacurious,intelligent,and perceptiveadultwhohasnothingtodowiththesubject at hand—or by an intelligent extraterrestrial who has studied life forms completely different from those familiar to residents of planet Earth. So, how would I explainthebiologyofplantstomychildren?Hereinlies the intellectual challenge. Especially noteworthy is Einstein’s maxim that a scientist has no right to claim he or she knows a subject in depth if he or she cannot explain it to his or her grandmother. Thus, the point of theexerciseistoforgetyesterday’sexperiment,tofocus one’s attention on the essence of things and not on the details, and to lay the foundation for understanding plants, which appear and behave very differently from animals and have shaped life on our blue-green planet. The goal of this book is also to share 30 years of plant study with readers so they can look at plants in a different—and friendly and entertaining—way. viii Preface Is the project realistic? Can science be popularised? Can the average person comprehend scientific achievements? One would assume the success of such a project depends, at least initially, on the author, who must directly address the appropriate audience. How- ever, the audience must also be open, willing to learn, andreadytoputitscognitivepowersintoactionandits imaginationattheserviceoflearning.Ibelievescience is simple; comprehending and generating new knowl- edge (i.e., scientific research) both require attributes humans already possess. Otherwise, scientific progress as a product of human civilisation would not be possi- ble. What is required first and foremost is common sense; even more necessary, however, is the ability to overturn common sense and the capacity and readiness to discard accepted views and to refute theories when evidence no longer supports them. Moreover, what is required is curiosity about the world surrounding us, whichwemustcomprehendtomaketherightdecisions andtorecogniseourrealplacewithinit.Unfortunately, most humans abandon this innate curiosity before the end of childhood when the first bored, tired, and intel- lectually apathetic adult squashes us with the phrase “enough of the questions.” As a university student, I used many methods to silently grade my professors. One of these methods hadtodowiththewaytheyansweredquestionsconsid- ered na¨ıve. Some showed deep knowledge of the sub- ject matter. Others failed, panicked, and surprised me with answers clearly irrelevant to the question, a sign thattheythemselveshadneverwonderedaboutit.Some honestlyadmittedtemporaryignoranceandwerebetter prepared at the next lesson. Thankfully, only a few answered, “That, sir, you should already know,” with enough sternness and annoyance to prevent similar questions from being asked in the future, lowering studentconfidenceandincreasingthedistancebetween ix Preface teacher and learner. No one remembers the names of these professors, at least not in a positive light. Thus, all questions are legitimate, and the most fertile ones are those considered na¨ıve. One of the writer’s tasks is to raise such questions and attempt to give answers compatible with our current views on the functions,behavior,androlesofplants,butbeware!Not all questions can be answered. Usually, we raise only questions that may plausibly be answered. The others are left pending, swept under the carpet, ignored until theyemergemercilesslywhentheaccumulationofnew knowledge returns them to the fore. Therefore, do not shootthemessenger;thewriterdoeswhateverispossi- ble to provide you with answers, when answers can be given today, when a question can be formulated. Searching for the truth is no cakewalk. Theories are confirmeduntiltheyarerefuted.Navigationwascarried out successfully for hundreds of years, even though it wasbasedontheviewthattheearthstoodstill.Whatwe believe to be true and self-evident today might be shaken tomorrow, because “nature loves to hide” and does not reveal its secrets easily. Our way to approach the truth, which always seems so close yet always evades us, is to study and maintain an attitude of curi- osityaboutandadmirationfortheworld:“Wonderand doubt,” as the Delphic exhortation goes. This is when science changes from an intellectual bogeyman to an intellectual game. Although the reasons presented here may easily explain the author’s possible motives, why should readers be interested in plants? This is one of the first questions any reasonable publisher would ask; it might well concern you before you put your hand in your pocket. Why a book about plants? There are several reasons for such a book. First, plants are organisms so different from us we need additional guidance to com- prehend their idiosyncrasies. Second, plants have the only broad-scale mechanism for utilisation of a x