Alice Goes to China On Faithfulness in Translation Vigdis Arnesen M.A. Thesis in East Asian Linguistics (EAL4090 - 60 credits – Autumn 2012) Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF OSLO 3 December, 2012 © Vigdis Arnesen 2012 Alice Goes to China – On Faithfulness in Translation Vigdis Arnesen http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: OsloKopisten AS, OK Printshop, Oslo. II Summary This thesis discusses the concept of faithfulness in translation, more specifically two aspects of faithfulness, which in this paper is defined as faithfulness in meaning and faithfulness in intention. The material applied for this discussion is Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and the first Chinese translation (1922) of it. The act of translation is examined in two ways: By translating the Chinese translator Y.R. Chao’s preface from Chinese to English, while continuously discussing the choices made, and by evaluating Y.R. Chao’s translation of Alice, focusing on names, puns, poems, pronouns and the rendering of oral speech, both in terms of the above mentioned aspects of faithfulness. It is found that for a humoristic children’s book like Alice, with a humour based much on sense, nonsense, puns and parodies, the aspect of intention is superior to the aspect of meaning. Moreover, it is found that Chao’s approach to these two aspects of faithfulness, has primarily been an approach of faithfulness to the text’s intention, except for in his translation of poems and oral speech. III IV Foreword A prefatory quote from Mencius in Chao’s translation of Alice reads; “A great man, is one who does not loose the heart of his childhood”, and one could be tempted to assume, although time and space would preclude it, that Mencius had Christoph Harbsmeier in mind when he wrote it1. I would like to thank Professor Harbsmeier for his immense abilities of enthusiasm, for his disregard of time and nonsense that makes no sense, and his welcoming of, and invitation to time and nonsense that does; for his warm, friendly and intelligent, sometimes fatherly, advices. There is an unknown amount of people to thank for the possibility of this modest production. I am greatly indebted and grateful to Stine Fevik and Sigurd Ziegler for their housing, care, proofreading, discussions and support (this includes Sigurd’s mother and aunt; I would truly not have been able to finish my paper if it were not for their hospitality and offering). To my parents, Turid and Ivar Arnesen, for their blind faith, and financial, as well as personal support; without it I would be nowhere, to my sisters, Torill and Nina Arnesen, for their proofreading, constant availability and unconditional love. To Lisa Smith Walaas for her always detailed, critical and interested proofreading, as well as uplifting breaks and academic hotel; your eye is a sharp one, to Linn Adelsten Christiansen for her profound and practical knowledge on illustrations and wine, to Trine Kolbjørnsen and Turi Lindalen for their intensive surveillance, motivation and proofreading, to Oda Fiskum for her loving and honest comments on my translation, to Robert and Nick Evans, Anton Ian Dalby and Eivind Grip Fjær for their unhesitating acceptance of proofreading in the last moment, to Guo Tingxia (郭婷霞) for her valuable lessons and offers, and to Lu Bin (鲁斌) for his invaluable patience, inspiration and suggestions. There is yet to mention Isaac Abraham for his love and support in everything throughout my education, to Solveig Andersen, Christina Sørebø Hansen, Kari Siwe Haugen, Anne Louise Kleiven, Tuva Løkse, Petter Jakobsen and Jonas Volden Weltan; your friendships make things possible. A somewhat more ambiguous thanks should be directed at Sjur Marqvardsen; your distraction almost destroyed the whole project, but your invitation to a completely different project enabled and inspired me to have any kind of project at all. Advent is yet to come. 1 I would freely rewrite Mencius (what a nerve!) and say; 大人者, 似何莫邪也 “A great man, is a man like Christoph Harbsmeier”. V VI Conventions i Chinese words, which in the source material has been rendered in traditional complex characters, will first appear in the official transcription system of the People's Repulic of China Hànyǔ Pīnyīn 汉语拼音 [漢語--] in italics, followed by simplified Chinese characters jiǎntǐzì 简体字 [簡體-], with their original complex form fántǐzì繁体字 [繁體-] in square brackets, marking characters that remain unchanged within the two scripts with a hyphen “[-]”. Chaos’s preface is rendered in traditional complex characters, as one of my main objectives in translating it is to discuss faithfulness in translation, and thus to render it in simplified characters would lead to the loss of discussions worth bringing up in this aspect. Examples from Chao’s translation in this thesis’ chapter 4-8 will be in simplified characters, as my main source for Chao’s translation has been converted to simplified characters, and this will enable also early students of Chinese to follow the examples more effortless. I have made this choice also based on the fact that for the purpose of the examples and their discussions in this matter, nothing is lost. ii Chinese characters will be given every time a Chinese word is mentioned, except for names or words that appear high-frequently, such as the name of Chao, or when the word occurs repeatedly within the same context. iii The author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland will mostly be referred to by his pseudonym Lewis Carroll, yet references to his Christian name Charles Lewis Dodgson may occur. iv Zhào Yuánrèn 趙元任 [趙--] will, although not coherent with the official transcription system, mostly be referred to as Chao, or Y.R. Chao, (his given name is elsewhere sometimes also written Yuen-ren or Yuen Ren), as this has become an established transliteration of his name in the English-speaking world. This is also the case for his name in the bibliography, where it is listed under Chao. v Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland will sometimes be referred to as Alice in Wonderland and sometimes just as Alice. VII Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland ............................................................................. 3 1.2 The Author - Lewis Carroll ......................................................................................... 5 1.3 Sources and Material ................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Structure and presentation ........................................................................................... 7 2 Faithfulness in Translation .......................................................................................... 9 2.1 Translating Alice ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Faithfulness in Translation ........................................................................................ 11 2.3 Illustrations in translation .......................................................................................... 12 2.4 Script in translation .................................................................................................... 20 2.5 Translation in China .................................................................................................. 22 3 Chao’s Preface.............................................................................................................. 25 3.1 The Translator – Y.R. Chao ....................................................................................... 25 3.2 On my translation and retranslation ........................................................................... 28 3.3 An annotated translation of Chao’s preface .............................................................. 28 3.4 On Humour and Nonsense ......................................................................................... 47 3.5 Names in Chao’s Preface ........................................................................................... 48 4 Names ............................................................................................................................. 50 4.1 Common or proper? ................................................................................................... 52 4.2 Names in Alice .......................................................................................................... 52 4.3 Chinese names and names in Chinese ....................................................................... 54 4.4 Translating names ...................................................................................................... 54 4.5 Transcription of Names ............................................................................................. 56 4.6 Translation of Names ................................................................................................. 59 VIII 5 Puns and Poems ........................................................................................................... 62 5.1 Puns ........................................................................................................................... 64 5.2 Poems......................................................................................................................... 69 6 Pronouns ........................................................................................................................ 77 6.1 Who is it? ................................................................................................................... 79 6.2 The subject in translation ........................................................................................... 81 6.3 What is it? .................................................................................................................. 83 6.4 The object in translation ............................................................................................ 85 7 Oral Speech ................................................................................................................... 88 8 Concluding Remarks .................................................................................................. 91 References ................................................................................................................................ 96 Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 99 IX X