ALGAL FLORA OF TAMILNADU Introduction Algae are the photosynthetic organisms that converted the anaerobic atmosphere of the earth into an aerobic atmosphere by their process of oxygenic photo-phosphorylation. These algae that started to appear on earth 2.5 Gaλ (=years x 109 λ) ago evolved into different groups of plants in the course of evolutionary process (Cloud, 1976; South and Whittick, 1987). They are still considered very important because they are an excellent source of single cell protein (Shelef and Soeder, 1980), hydrocarbons (Ben- Amotz and Auron, 1980), biogas, polysaccharides such as agar-agar, alginic acid, carrageenin (McCandless, 1981), antibiotics (Hoppe, 1979; Fenical, 1975), colouring pigments (Venkataraman and Becker, 1985), important medicines (Schwimmer and Schwimmer, 1964). Phytoplanktons that include algae as their exclusive constituent are directly related to fish populations of the oceans and thereby control the availability of ‘sea food’. The level of pollution of inland waterbodies can be evaluated by studying the algae present in them (Palmer, 1968; Mohapatra and Mohanty, 1992). Algae also cause many inconvenience to us. These include their ability to produce water blooms, toxins (Codd et al., 1995) and diseases (Stein and Borden, 1984; Beskow, 1978; Legge and Rosencrantz, 1932). All these stress the need for knowing the algae present in our environment for the following reasons: 1. To utilize their potential as a source of protein, pigments, vitamins and minerals, medicines, bio-fuels and bio-fertilizers; 2. To evaluate the degree pollution in aquatic environments; 3. To make use of them for removal of toxic chemicals and heavy metals from industrial effluents; 4. To treat the waste water from houses that would open up ways for reusing and recycling the precious freshwater; 1 5. To make use of them as source of raw materials in industries producing algal polysaccharides; 6. To formulate innovative cost effective methods to control algae in cooling towers and swimming pools; Hence a database on algal resource is absolutely necessary to know our algal wealth. The database can be used as a single source to search for any alga reported to occur in Tamilnadu. This database is a compilation of all algae documented by eminent algologists published in a series of monographs by Indian Council of Agricultural research and Madras Science Foundation. It also includes the algae described/reported to occur in Tamilnadu since the publication of the monographs. The algal monographs, checklists and journals in which the algal taxa are published are presented in the following Table.1. Name, field of expertise and address of experts of algal systematics are given in Table 2. 2 Table:l Algal monographs, Checklist and Journals Algal Year of S.No. Author Publisher Monograph/Checklist Publication Indian Councial of Agricultural Rresearch, New Delhi 1. Cyanophyta T.V.Desikachary 1959 Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2. Zygnematales Randhawa 1959 New Delhi B.P.Pal, B.C.Kundu, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 3. Charophyta V.S.Sundaralingam and 1962 New Delhi G.S. Venkata-raman Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 4 Ulotrichales K.R.Ramanathan 1964 New Delhi Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 5. Phaeophyceae in India J.N. Misra 1966 New Delhi Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 6. Chlolorococcales M.T.Philipose 1967 New Delhi A Checklist of Indian V.Krishnamurthy and Central Salts and Marine Chemicals 7. 1971 Marine algae H.V. Joshi Research Institute, Bhavnagar M.O.P. Iyengar and T.V. 8. Volvocales 1981 Madras Science Foundation, Chennai Desikachary T.V.Desikachary, 9. Rhodophyta V.Krishnamurthy and 1990 Madras Science Foundation, Chennai M.S.Balakrishnan T.V. Desikachary, Rhodophyta Volume II, 10. V.Krishnamurthy and 1998 Madras Science Foundation, Chennai Part-B M.S.Balakrishnan Algae of India and 11. Neighbouring Countries V. Krishnamurthy 2000 Science Publishers, Inc. USA 1. Chlorophycota Journals 1. Phykos Phycological Society of India, New Delhi 3 Journal of Indian 2. Botanical Society of India, New Delhi botanical Society Seaweed Research and Seaweed Research and Utilization Association, Central Fisheries Research Institute, 3. Utilization Mandapam camp Krishnamurthy Institute of Algology 4. Indian Hydrobiology 9, Lady Madhavan Street, Chennai-600 034, A total number of 1263 taxa belonging to 8 classes are reported to occur in Tamilnadu. Of these 1119 taxa are species of algae belonging to different groups and the rest are sub species (2), varieties (100) and forms (42). These algae are distributed under 432 genera belonging to 115 families under 38 orders (Table 2). All the taxa are arranged following the classification proposed by Paul C. Silva in Sybil Parker (1982. Members of Dinophyceae are not included in this work. The details of different taxa of major classes are given in Table 3 and Table 4. 4 Table 3. Taxa of algae of Tamilnadu S.No. Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies Varieties Forms 1 Cyanophyceae Chroococcales Chroococcaceae 12 41 1 2 Entophysalidaceae 2 2 3 Cyanidiaceae 1 1 4 Pleurocapsales Chamaesiphonaceae 1 1 5 Dermocarpaceae 2 4 6 Pleurocapsaceae 1 2 7 Hyellaceae 3 3 8 Nostocales Oscillatoriaceae 12 79 3 6 9 Tubiellaceae 1 1 10 Nostocaceae 9 23 5 1 11 Scytonemataceae 7 30 3 1 12 Rivulariaceae 4 16 2 13 Stigonematales Nostochopsidaceae 2 3 14 Mastigocladaceae 2 1 1 15 Stigonemataceae 5 12 16 Chlorophyceae Volvocales Astrephomenaceae 1 1 17 Chlamydomonadaceae 11 78 4 18 Dunaliellaceae 2 2 19 Nephroselmidaceae 1 1 20 Oltmansiellaceae 1 1 21 Phacotaceae 15 23 1 5 22 Platymonadaceae 2 3 23 Pyramimonadaceae 1 1 24 Spondylomoraceae 1 3 25 Volvocaceae 5 11 2 26 Tetrasporales Gloeococcaceae 1 3 27 Palmellopsidaceae 5 7 28 Tetrasporaceae 5 6 29 Chaetochloridaceae 1 1 30 Characiochloridaceae 7 8 31 Nautococcaceae 2 4 32 Chlorococcales Characiosiphonaceae 1 1 33 Characiaceae 2 3 34 Chlorococcaceae 2 2 35 Hydrodictyotaceae 4 9 7 3 36 Oocystaceae 6 7 37 Botryococcaceae 1 1 38 Dictyosphaeriaceae 2 4 39 Selenastraceae 3 3 40 Coelastraceae 1 2 1 41 Scenedesmaceae 4 11 5 2 42 Ulotrichales Ulotrichaceae 6 13 43 Cylindrocapsaceae 2 2 44 Oedogoniales Oedogoniaceae 2 10 45 Chaetophorales Chaetophoraceae 7 13 46 Aphanochaetaceae 1 1 47 Schizomeridaceae 1 1 48 Ctenocladales Ulvellaceae 2 3 1 49 Gomontiaceae 1 1 50 Ulvales Ulvaceae 2 13 2 51 Cladophorales Cladophoraceae 6 10 52 Trentepohliales Trentepohliaceae 3 11 1 53 Coleochaetales Coleochaetaceae 1 3 6 54 Bryopsidales Protosiphonaceae 1 1 55 Bryopsidaceae 2 4 56 Caulerpaceae 1 19 3 1 57 Codiaceae 3 8 58 Udoteaceae 2 6 59 Siphonocladales Anadyomenaceae 2 2 60 Siphonocladaceae 4 5 61 Valoniaceae 2 2 62 Dasycladales Polyphysaceae 1 3 63 Dasycladaceae 1 2 64 Zygnematales Zygnemataceae 17 43 12 2 65 Charophyceae Charales Characeae 3 19 2 3 8 66 Euglenophyceae Euglenales Euglenaceae 1 1 67 Chrysophyceaee Chrysocapsales Chrysocapsaceae 1 1 68 Bacillariophyceae Centrales Coscinodiscaceae 1 2 (Freshwater) 68a Coscinodiscaceae 35 98 14 3 (Marine) 69 Pennales Fragilariaceae 2 3 3 1 (Freshwater) 69a Fragilariaceae 11 14 (Marine) 70 Eunotiaceae 1 3 1 71 Achnanthaceae 1 2 (Freshwater) 71a Achnanthaceae 18 35 8 (Marine) 72 Naviculaceae 9 20 11 3 73 Epithemiaceae 1 1 74 Nitzschiaceae 3 7 3 1 75 Phaeophyceae Ectocarpales Ectocarpaceae 5 8 76 Ralfsiaceae 1 1 7 77 Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae 1 4 78 Dicyotales Dictyotaceae 6 18 79 Chordariales Myrionemataceae 2 4 80 Chordariaceae 1 1 81 Scytosiphonales Scytosiponaceae 4 5 82 Chnoosporaceae 1 3 83 Fucales Cystoseiraceae 2 2 84 Sargassaceae 2 19 1 2 85 Rhodophyceae Porphyridiales Porphyridiaceae 1 1 86 Goniotrichaceae 2 3 87 Bangiales Erythropeltidiaceae 2 3 88 Bangiaceae 1 2 89 Compsopogonales Compsopogonaceae 1 3 90 Nemaliales Acrochaetiaceae 2 10 91 Batrachospermaceae 3 5 92 Nemalionaceae 1 1 93 Dermonemataceae 1 1 94 Helminthocladiaceae 2 7 2 95 Chaetangiaceae 3 8 96 Bonnemaisoniaceae 1 1 97 Gelidiaceae 1 1 98 Gelidiellaceae 1 4 1 99 Cryptonemiales Corynomorphaceae 1 1 100 Cryptonemiaceae 4 13 1 101 Halymeniaceae 1 6 102 Corallinaceae 3 8 103 Spongitaceae 10 38 3 104 Hildenbrandiaceae 1 1 105 Rhodymeniales Champiaceae 1 2 1 106 Rhodymeniaceae 6 7 107 Gigartinales Gracilariaceae 4 26 108 Hypneaceae 1 7 8 109 Rhizophyllidaceae 1 1 110 Solieriaceae 2 2 111 Caulacanthaceae 1 1 112 Ceramiales Ceramiaceae 21 46 113 Dasyaceae 3 7 114 Delesseriaceae 5 8 115 Rhodomelaceae 14 43 2 Total 432 1119 2 100 42 Table4. Taxa of major classes of algae reported from Tamilnadu Sub- Total S.No. Class Order Family Genus Species species Varieties Forms (Species and below species level) 1. Cyanophyceae 4 15 64 219 0 14 9 242 2. Chlorophyceae 15 49 158 372 0 39 8 419 3. Charophyceae 1 1 3 19 2 3 8 32 4. Bacillariophyceae 2 7 78 185 0 40 8 233 5. Phaeophyceae 6 10 25 65 0 1 2 68 6. Rhodophyceae 8 31 100 257 0 3 7 267 A perusal of tables 2 and 3 indicates that the algal flora of Tamilnadu is dominated by the members of the Chlorophyceae represented by 419 taxa, followed by the members of the Rhodophyceae (267), Cyanophyceae (235), Bacillariophycee (233), Phaeophyceae (68) and Charophyceae (32). 9 TABLE 5 ALGAL FLORA OF TAMILNADU Order Family Binomial Habit and Habitat Distribution Remarks AUTHOR AND YEAR OF PUBLICATION Chandra, S., M.D. Vijaya Parthasarathy, 1 Chroococcales Chroococcaceae Aphanocapsa biformis A.Br. Yercaud R. Rangarajan and V. Krishnamurthy 2003 Aphanocapsa littoralis Desikachary, T.V. 1959 ; Venkataraman, 2 Marine Shingle island, Cape Comorin Hansgirg G.S. 1957 Aphanocapsa roeseana de 3 Shembaganur, Madurai district Desikachary, T.V. 1959 Bary Aphanocapsa elachista N. et 4 Chennai Desikachary, T.V. 1959 G.S.West. Aphanothece stagnina Shembaganur, Madurai district; 5 Desikachary, T.V. 1959 (Spreng.) A.Br. Chennai Chandra, S., M.D. Vijaya Parthasarathy, 6 Aphanothece naegelii Wartm. Yercaud R. Rangarajan and V. Krishnamurthy 2003 7 Aphanothece nidulans Richter Chennai Desikachary, T.V. 1959 8 Aphanothece saxicola Nag Shembaganur, Madurai district Desikachary, T.V. 1959 Shembaganur, Madurai district; Aphanothece castagnei (Breb.) 9 Singaperumal Koil, Vandalur, Desikachary, T.V. 1959 Rabenh. Kanchipuram district. Aphanothece pallida (Kutz.) 10 Vandalur, Kanchipuram district Desikachary, T.V. 1959 Rabenh. Aphanothece microscopica 11 Shembaganur, Madurai district Desikachary, T.V. 1959 Nag. Chandra, S., M.D. Vijaya Parthasarathy, Chroococcus cohaerens 12 Epiphytic alga Yercaud R. Rangarajan and V. Krishnamurthy (Breb.) Naegeli 2003 Chroococcus tenax (Kirchn) 13 Chennai Desikachary, T.V. 1959 Hieron Coelosphaerium 14 Kanchipuram; Chennai Desikachary, T.V. 1959 kuetzingianum Nag. Dactylococcopsis fasciculatus 15 Kanchipuram;Yercaud Desikachary, T.V. 1959 Lemm.f. indica Desikachary 16 Gleocapsa calcarea Tilden Slow sand filters Chennai Desikachary, T.V. 1959 10