Algal Cultures Analogues of Blooms and Applications Volume 1 (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:10) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4) (cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:4) (cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:4) (cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:4) (cid:17)(cid:8)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:8)(cid:4) (cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:4) (cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:4) (cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:10)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:7)(cid:26)(cid:4) (cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4) (cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:4) (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:10) (cid:29)(cid:16)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:31)(cid:26)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:4) (cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:9)(cid:26)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:11)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:23)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:4)(cid:12)(cid:26)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:10)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:26)(cid:10)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:26) (cid:15)(cid:21)(cid:6)!(cid:26)(cid:10)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:16) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:8) (cid:11)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:12) (cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:14)(cid:13)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:6)(cid:5)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:9)(cid:20)(cid:10)(cid:13)(cid:16)(cid:17) (cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:9)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:17)(cid:6)(cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:5)(cid:24)(cid:24)(cid:9)(cid:25)(cid:26)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:17) (cid:27)(cid:20)(cid:9)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:28) Editor D.V. Subba Rao Bedford Institute of Oceanography Dartmouth, NS Canada Science Publishers Enfield (NH), USA Plymouth, UK Photos of microalgal species Front cover: Emiliania huxleyi a coccolithophore (Credit: Dr. S.W. Jeffrey, CSIRO, Australia) Color plate as frontispiece 1. Dinophysis norvegica 2. Biddulphia sp. 3. Thalassiosirasp.4. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens f. multiseries 5. Anabaena circinalis 6. Small volume cultures 7. Skeletonema costatum 8. Dunaliella tertiolecta, 9. Rhodomonas salina 10. Chaetoceros sp. (Credits: #1. Dr. Rajashree Gouda # 2, 4. and 10. Subba Rao and # 3,5,6,7,8,9 Dr. S.W. Jeffrey) Black and white plate on the reverse of frontispiece 1. Bacteriastrum sp . 2. Paralia sulcata 3. Chaetoceros lascinosum 4. Gymnodinium catenatum 5. Picoplankters 6. Naviculoid diatom 7. Ornithocercus magnificus 8. Cryptophyte 9. Dinophysis fortii 10. Planktoniella sol. (Credits: #1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,10 Dr. S.W. Jeffrey and #5 Subba Rao) SCIENCE PUBLISHERS An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Channel Islands. Post Office Box 699 Enfield, New Hampshire 03748 United States of America Internet site: http://www.scipub.net [email protected] (marketing department) [email protected] (editorial department) [email protected] (for all other enquiries) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Algal cultures, analogues of blooms and applications / editors, D.V. Subba Rao. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.). ISBN 1-57808-393-1 1.Algae—Cultures and culture media. 2. Algal blooms. I. Subba Rao, D.V. QK565.2.A438 2005 579.8--dc22 2005051701 ISBN (Set) 1-57808-393-1 ISBN (Vol. 1)1-57808-392-3 ISBN (Vol. 2)1-57808-394-X © 2006, Copyright Reserved All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hierd out, otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Published by Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd. Printed in India. (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:10) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4) (cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:4) (cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:4) (cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:4) (cid:17)(cid:8)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:8)(cid:4) (cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:4) (cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:4) (cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:10)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:7)(cid:26)(cid:4) (cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4) (cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:4) (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:10) (cid:29)(cid:16)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:31)(cid:26)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:4) (cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:9)(cid:26)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:11)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:23)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:4)(cid:12)(cid:26)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:10)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:26)(cid:10)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:26) (cid:15)(cid:21)(cid:6)!(cid:26)(cid:10)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:16) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:8) (cid:11)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:12) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:10) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4) (cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:4) (cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:4) (cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:4) (cid:17)(cid:8)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:8)(cid:4) (cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:4) (cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:4) (cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:10)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:7)(cid:26)(cid:4) (cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4) (cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:4) (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:10) (cid:29)(cid:16)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:31)(cid:26)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:4) (cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:9)(cid:26)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:11)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:23)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:4)(cid:12)(cid:26)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:10)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:26)(cid:10)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:26) (cid:15)(cid:21)(cid:6)!(cid:26)(cid:10)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:16) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:8) (cid:11)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:12) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:4) Marine phytoplankters, the free-floating photosynthetic life, play a crucial role in the production of oxygen and in food web dynamics in the seas. Their diversity in taxonomy, morphology, size, and nutritional requirements continue to fascinate biological oceanographers. The spatial and temporal variations of algae are enormous. To obtain a steady supply of algae for biochemical and physiological experimentation, it soon became necessary to culture the algae under defined laboratory conditions. Although studies on natural assemblages of marine phytoplankton and laboratory cultured algae were initiated about the same time (1893), unlike the former, culture studies did not progress till the 1960s as rapidly as one would have wished. Due to the development of tracer carbon-14 technique in 1952, interest in studying marine micro algal cultures has been growing rapidly and many unexpected and exciting discoveries have already emerged. Four examples that involve marine micro algae may be cited: Discovery of photosynthetic picoplankton, UV light and climate, Geoengineering and climate and genetic engineering. New techniques have been developed in recent years and rapid advances have been made relating measurements of primary organic production of marine micro algae to their photosynthetic pigments, evident from the plethora of papers and reviews published. In general, principles of terrestrial plant physiology and biochemistry have been extended to study the physiological ecology of marine micro algae. Algal cultures are being used as excellent experimental materials to model growth, nutrient kinetics, physiological ecology, pollution research, phycotoxin research, remote sensing and climatic studies. However, most of the cultures are isolated from temperate seas and very few from other regions. It is to be noted that utility of algal cultures in tropics is mostly limited mariculture and to species isolated elsewhere but not native to their seas. (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:15)(cid:18)(cid:12)(cid:6)(cid:5)(cid:14)(cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:2)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:12) Despite some differences, several similarities exist between the data obtained on blooms and cultures. As a result of the ease with which some of the algae can be cultured, considerable interest is currently evinced to see if cultures could be used to gain insights to understand some of the ecological principles such as species succession, periodicities, physiological adaptations. Additionally, research is focused on the application of algae in mariculture operations, marine biotechnology, in space research for waste recycling systems, and as source of natural compounds such as antiviral and antifungal compounds and pharmaceuticals. Of the 5000 confirmed taxa of marine micro algae, about 300 species contribute to blooms, both benign and toxigenic. More and more of novel nuisance phytoplankton blooms are recorded and the connection between their global expansion and human activities is actively sought. About 500 species, mostly from the temperate seas, are brought into culture and about 30 species are studied in considerable detail. A few important toxigenic dinoflagellate taxa still baffle any attempts to culture. Needless to add that research on algae will be actively pursued in the decades to come. When Science Publishers, New Hampshire approached me to collate and edit a volume on marine micro algae, I thought it would be useful to broaden the range of topics and bring out a thematic volume with recent developments in micro algal research. This book contributed by colleagues from 14 nations encompasses numerous scientific disciplines. I tried to involve serious researchers who have made excellent contributions on marine micro algae. They were requested to incorporate the latest findings specifically to address how best algal cultures can be utilized as analogues of natural blooms, their utility in understanding the ecological principles and their applications in biotechnology. Each chapter is contributed by an expert or group of experts, reviewed internally by colleagues and by outside referees as well. I am grateful to each of the contributors for their high level of professional and scholarly efforts, cordial, and prompt cooperation extended to me. I have gained from their efforts but the omissions and commissions are mine. The scientific opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors and not that of any institution. This book is not intended to be a compendium of everything worth knowing about marine micro algae given the fact that the knowledge base is constantly expanding. It is hoped that this volume will be useful to our colleagues in biological oceanography as well as other scientists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students as a summary of current thoughts in physiological ecology. (cid:7)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:9)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:9)(cid:12) (cid:3)(cid:4) (cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:4)(cid:10)(cid:17)(cid:18) Special thanks are due to Dr. Shirley Jeffrey for the generous assistance with most pictures of algae, and to Dr. Rajashree Gouda. My sincere thanks are extended to Mr. Arthur Cosgrove, Technographics, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, for his artistic skills in the design of the cover and the plates of algae. For her infinite patience, excellent help with the formatting, corre- spondence and unstinting support I am most grateful to my wife Bala T. Durvasula.