CHEMICAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION ALFRED O. C. NIER Transcript of Interviews Conducted by Michael A. Grayson and Thomas Krick at University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota on 7, 8, 9, and 10 April 1989 (With Subsequent Corrections and Additions) ACKNOWLEDGMENT This oral history is one in a series initiated by the Chemical Heritage Foundation on behalf of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. The series documents the personal perspectives of individuals related to the advancement of mass spectrometric instrumentation, and records the human dimensions of the growth of mass spectrometry in academic, industrial, and governmental laboratories during the twentieth century. This project is made possible through the generous support of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry Upon Alfred O.C. Nier’s death in 1994, this oral history was designated Free Access. Please note: Users citing this interview for purposes of publication are obliged under the terms of the Chemical Heritage Foundation Oral History Program to credit CHF using the format below: Alfred O.C. Nier, interview by Michael A. Grayson and Thomas Krick at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 7-10 April 1989 (Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, Oral History Transcript # 0112). Chemical Heritage Foundation Oral History Program 315 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 The Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF) serves the community of the chemical and molecular sciences, and the wider public, by treasuring the past, educating the present, and inspiring the future. CHF maintains a world-class collection of materials that document the history and heritage of the chemical and molecular sciences, technologies, and industries; encourages research in CHF collections; and carries out a program of outreach and interpretation in order to advance an understanding of the role of the chemical and molecular sciences, technologies, and industries in shaping society. ALFRED O. C. NIER 1911 Born in St. Paul, Minnesota on 28 May Education 1931 B.S.E.E., Electrical Engineering, University of Minnesota 1933 M.S.E.E., Physics (under Henry Hartig), University of Minnesota, 1936 Ph.D., Physics (under John Tate), University of Minnesota Professional Experience Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1936-1938 Postdoctoral Fellow under Kenneth T. Bainbridge University of Minnesota, Physics Department 1938-1940 Assistant Professor of Physics 1940-1944 Associate Professor of Physics 1944-1966 Professor of Physics 1953-1965 Chair 1966-1980 Regents Professor of Physics 1980-1994 Regents Professor of Physics, Emeritus Kellex Corporation, New York 1943-1945 Scientist Selected Honors 1950 Elected to National Academy of Sciences 1953 Elected to American Philosophical Society 1956 Arthur L. Day Medal, Geological Society of America 1959 Elected as Foreign Scientific Member of the Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry 1960 Pittsburgh Spectroscopy Award 1965-1966 National Lecturer, Sigma Xi 1971 Atomic Energy Commission Award for Contributions to Development and Use of Atomic Energy 1977 NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement 1980 Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1980 Elected to Royal Swedish Academy of Science 1980 Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Minnesota 1981 Distinguished Service Award, University of Minnesota Chapter, Sigma Xi 1982 Elected to Minnesota Inventors Hall of Fame 1984 Victor Goldschmidt Medal of the Geochemistry Society 1985 Field and Franklin Award for Outstanding Achievement in Mass Spectrometry, American Chemical Society 1985 Thomson Medal, International Mass Spectrometry Conference, Swansea, Wales 1992 William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union ABSTRACT Alfred O. C. Nier was born in Minnesota in 1911 to parents who had emigrated from Germany. After a brief dispute over his name, Nier was baptized Alfred instead of Hans, since his mother believed Hans sounded too German. However, his two middle initials proved problematic during World War II when the government was researching publications by Alfred O. Nier and Alfred O. C. Nier for security clearances. Consequently, the majority of Nier’s publications are without his second middle initial. Having been interested in radios during high school, Nier decided to study electrical engineering when he enrolled at the University of Minnesota in 1927. When he graduated in 1931 he pursued engineering jobs; however, few firms were hiring due to the Depression. Luckily, during his undergraduate career Nier had been involved in physics research with his mechanics professor Henry A. Erikson. This physics experience led him to a research position and teaching assistantship with University of Minnesota professor Henry Hartig. Nier earned a master’s degree in electrical engineering, though most of his research experience was in physics; he began his doctoral research at a time when quantum mechanics and x-rays were burgeoning fields of study. After much deliberation Nier chose to work with John Tate, head of the physics department and editor of the Physical Review. Subsequently, Tate assigned Nier to work on mass spectrometry. In the mid-1930s Nier built his first mass spectrometer and quickly obtained the first spectrum of benzene, though he never published it. Instead his first publication was in Review of Scientific Instruments in 1935 on feedback control for magnets. Nier spent the majority of his doctoral research obtaining a precise understanding of how mass spectrometers worked and how he could improve the instruments to enhance his isotopic abundance studies. It was in the area of isotopic abundance where Nier encountered his scientific hurdle: a nuclear physics controversy over the mass abundance of potassium-40. After completing his Ph.D. in 1936, Nier was awarded a National Research Council Fellowship. He elected to work with Kenneth T. Bainbridge at Harvard University. After working for General Electric over the summer, Nier began his work on 180° mass spectrometers in the fall. Fortunately, Bainbridge, who had excellent funding despite the Depression, had been able to build a large electromagnet over the summer. By December Nier completed a mercury spectrum and, through stabilizing the power supply and maximizing the accelerating potential, was on his way to establishing more precise isotopic abundances than the ones F. W. Aston produced in 1915. While at Harvard, Nier was introduced to geochronology and geochemistry through studying the atomic weight of common lead and uranium-lead. Nier returned to the University of Minnesota after completing his postdoctoral research in 1938 instead of staying on as an instructor at Harvard or becoming a researcher at Westinghouse. Despite teaching a heavy course load Nier was able to begin building a magnet for his mass spectrometer and a thermal diffusion column to provide carbon-13 for stable isotope tracer studies. However, he had a diverse range of projects to complete on his 180° mass spectrometer with the help of students and his machinist R. B. Thorness. In the fall of 1939 Nier became involved in work related to uranium-235 and UF /UBr 6 4 (Nier refers to UF in the interview but references UBr in some publications). Nier, with E.T. 6 4 Booth, J.R. Dunning, and A.V. Grosse, demonstrated conclusively via mass spectrometry that uranium-235 was the isotope that underwent slow neutron fission. As his research group at Minnesota was the only one capable of analyzing uranium he was ordered to begin separating uranium-235 on his 180° mass spectrometer. After Pearl Harbor and the official entry of the United States into World War II, Nier and his research team worked under the command of Harold C. Urey as part of the Manhattan Project. Nier’s mass spectrometry expertise would prove invaluable to the war effort; Nier initially built four instruments for isotope analyses and ten instruments specifically for hydrogen-deuterium analyses. Nier taught many how to use and build these machines and allowed General Electric to produce his mass spectrometers. One such instrument that GE built was the Nier designed leak detector for the K-25 diffusion plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Nier worked with the Kellex Corporation to support gaseous diffusion processes to make line recorders, which were mass spectrometers monitoring the process stream. After World War II, Nier returned to the University of Minnesota where he remained as a professor. Nier’s post-war mass spectrometry research touched on many areas including electrical detection, atmospheric studies and mass spectrometers for rockets, geochemistry, and precise masses. Nier participated in the upper atmosphere Aerobee flights throughout the 1960s, the Viking Project in the 1970s, and the Pioneer Venus project. During this atmospheric work Nier became friends and a collaborator with Klaus Biemann. Throughout his oral history Nier discusses his many publications, the instrument details of many mass spectrometers, his awards, and his interesting career. Nier explained that his short attention span and unique education in physics and electrical engineering allowed him to capitalize on the new field of mass spectrometry when the country needed his expertise most. INTERVIEWER Michael A. Grayson retired from the Mass Spectrometry Research Resource at Washington University in St Louis in 2006. He received his B.S. degree in physics from St. Louis University in 1963 and his M.S. in physics from the University of Missouri at Rolla in 1965. He is the author of over forty-five papers in the scientific literature dealing with mass spectrometry. Before joining the Research Resource, he was a staff scientist at McDonnell Douglas Research Laboratory. While completing his undergraduate and graduate education, he worked at Monsanto Company in St. Louis, where he learned the art and science of mass spectrometry under O. P. Tanner. Grayson is a member of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry [ASMS], and currently is the Archivist for that Society. He has served many different positions within ASMS. He has served on the Board of Trustees of CHF and is currently a member of CHF's Heritage Council. He continues to pursue his interest in the history of mass spectrometry by recording oral histories, assisting in the collection of papers, researching the early history of the field, and preparing posters recounting historic developments in the field. TABLE OF CONTENTS Early Life and College Years 1 Family background. Growing up in Minnesota. Early interests in science, radio, shop, and drawing. Electrical Engineering at the University of Minnesota. Difficulty finding a job. Master’s degree and assistantship in physics. Teaching background in instrumentation. Graduate Years 9 Emergence of quantum mechanics, electron impact studies, and x-rays. Influence of Walter Bleakney, P. T. Smith, and Wally Lozier. Choosing John Tate, chair of University of Minnesota Physics Department as a research advisor. Introduction to mass spectrometers. Building his first instrument. Benzene spectrum. Isotope ratios of argon and potassium. Understanding and creating experimental techniques for new instruments. Earned PhD in 1936. Postdoctoral Years 39 Summer position with General Electric. National Research Council Fellowship. Choosing Kenneth T. Bainbridge at Harvard University. Building 180-degree instrument. Obtaining mercury spectrum in December 1936. Introduction to geochronology and Alfred Lane. Interests in geochronology. Relative abundance of lead isotopes. Uranium Isotope Work and Pre-war Years at University of Minnesota 61 Two uranium series. Obtaining UF /UBr . Isotopic abundances. Reasons for 6 4 returning to the University of Minnesota. Teaching. Building 180-degree instruments. Isotope separation work. Carbon-13. Meeting Enrico Fermi. Friendly competition with George Glockler. Manhattan Project Uranium Work 79 Thermal diffusion studies. E.T. Booth, J.R. Dunning, and A.V. Grosse. Determining uranium-235 underwent slow neutron fission. Development of 60- degree instruments. Lighter, smaller instrumentation. R. B. Thorness. Building instruments for other researchers. Contract to separate uranium-235 on 180- degree instrument. Harold C. Urey. Instruments for hydrogen-deuterium analysis. Building leak detectors for gaseous diffusion plants in Oak Ridge. Manhattan Project and Kellex Corporation 105 New York City. Managing engineering problems through mass spectrometry. Line recorder instrumentation to monitor process stream. Working with General Electric, Union Carbide, and DuPont. Returning to University of Minnesota after the War. Post-war Years 124 Starting research program at Minnesota. Building instruments. Nier-Johnson geometry for double-focusing instruments. Carbon-12 standard and the Atomic Weight Commission. Germany. Netherlands. Potassium research. Publications and conferences. National Bureau of Standards meeting in 1951. Instrumentation 177 Leak detector. Line recorder. Schematics. Evolving instrumentation. Miniaturized instruments. Donations to the Smithsonian Institution. Hoke and Kellex. Allocating resources. Atmospheric Studies and Meteorites 215 GCMS Probe for Titan Mission. Gaseous studies in the deep ocean. Mattauch- Herzog geometry versus Nier-Johnson geometry. Atmospheric Explorer satellites. Viking Mission entering atmosphere on 20 July 1976. Beginning meteorite work in the 1950s with helium-3 and argon-40 studies. Collaborations with Peter Signer. Aerobee Flights in the 1960s. Viking Entry Science Team. Klaus Biemann. Geochemistry and History of Mass Spectrometry 240 Collaboration with Samuel S. Goldich in the 1950s. Don Brownlee. Helium-3 and helium-4 ratios. Active for almost sixty years. Walter Bleakney. More on the 1951 National Bureau of Standards meeting. American Society for Mass Spectrometry. Publishing, Honors, and General Reflections 251 Discussing specific publications. Work with Thorness. Election to National Academy of Sciences. Sigma Xi Lecturer. Lead isotope research. Leak detectors. Travelling. Hiking. Evolution of mass spectrometry. Transistors. Basic science. Writing grants. Short attention span and diverse research. Rapid scientific changes. Figures 279 Index 339