Cover Alexander Kerensky : The First Love of the title: Revolution author: Abraham, Richard. publisher: Columbia University Press isbn10 | asin: 0231061080 print isbn13: 9780231061087 ebook isbn13: 9780585382715 language: English Kerensky, Aleksandr Fyodorovich,--1881- 1970, Prime ministers--Soviet Union-- subject Biography, Russia--History--February Revolution, 1917. publication date: 1987 lcc: DK254.K3A64 1987eb ddc: 947.084/1/0924 Kerensky, Aleksandr Fyodorovich,--1881- 1970, Prime ministers--Soviet Union-- subject: Biography, Russia--History--February Revolution, 1917. Page null01 ALEXANDER KERENSKY Page ii Image not available The First Love. Kerensky salutes the navy, Sebastapol, May 1917. Page iii ALEXANDER KERENSKY THE FIRST LOVE OF THE REVOLUTION Richard Abraham Page iv Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Abraham, Richard, 1941– Alexander Kerensky: the first love of the revolution. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Kerensky, Aleksandr Fyodorovich, 1881–1970. 2. Prime ministers—Soviet Union—Biography. 3. Soviet Union—History—February Revolution, 1917. 1. Title. DS254.K3A64 1987 947.084'1'0924 [B] 86–17548 ISBN 0-231-06108-0 Columbia University Press New York Guildford, Surrey Copyright © 1987 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Book design by Ken Venezio Page v BARRY HOLLINGSWORTH 1935–1975 Page vii Contents Prefaceix 1. Inspector Kerensky's Career1 2. A Hesitant Hero14 3. Against the Tide36 4. Tribune of the People53 5. Terribly Little Time76 6. Citizen Brutus103 7. Fires of Hope and Aspiration125 8. The People's Minister of Justice146 9. Ambition and Diplomacy168 10. Patriotism of a New Type192 11. “The Supreme Persuader-in-Chief”210 12. No Longer an Idealist?226 13. Statesman or Revolutionary?247 14. Reproaches and Slander276 15. All Necessary Measures302 16. Regeneration?325 17. A Romantic Exile351 18. The Long Reprieve369 Notes385 Index of Persons458 Subject Index487 Illustrations appear as groups after pages 80 and 272 Page ix Preface The first light of dawn revealed the huddled, gray figures, chewing their cheap tobacco. Around them were the hills and valleys of Galicia, dotted with tree stumps and isolated wattle and thatch cottages, once so neat with their fences and orchards, but now unkempt and roofless. The hedgeless fields of wheat and rye looked equally forlorn, disfigured by the shallow, sinister zigzags of the trenches and the random gashes of shell craters. The larks were heard no more. The men tensed themselves for the whistles and thuds of shrapnel, while those at the command post stared at the thirty-six-year-old Minister of War who had come to urge them on. His famous brush cut now concealed by a flat military cap, he clenched his gloved fist against his plain but well-cut tunic as he paced nervously back and forth. They remembered how he had spoken up for them in courthouse and parliament when the whole country had been silenced by the now vanished gendarmes. Their new subalterns, fresh out of grammar schools, worshipped him as the “Leader of the Intelligentsia.” For the hidebound careerists, he was something else, a socialist waffler, an upstart, perhaps even a “Yid.” He himself knew otherwise. A socialist intellectual he had been, but he had the blood of a general as well. His grandfather had served in the armies of the ill-fated Tsar Nicholas I, who had been humiliated by the English and French in the Crimea. But he had another dream, the dream of Themistocles that free men might fight harder to defend their liberty than enemy slaves would to extinguish it. The future of the world hung on this moment, on the Russian front in June of 1917.1 Page x Fifty years later I met Alexander Kerensky, but time was short and I never got to know him. I did not then know what an irreparable loss this was. There is one compensation: my resolve to tell his story unvarished might not have survived a friendship with him. Even his closest friends admit that he gave little away. As Elena Izvolskaya, his friend for four decades, put it, “he has told in his books all that he has ever told me.”2 He lived and died a conspirator, whose real gift eluded the literati who recorded his failures. One can fail to be a “Great Man’’ but still be a great human being. To many, Alexander Kerensky was an irresistibly lovable person. Those who accepted their affection for him could never escape the web of loyalty he wove. Others were blinded to his quality by patriarchal prejudice and intellectual snobbery. No one who knew him well has ever published an objective account of him. In 1966, Professor Werner Mosse suggested Kerensky as a topic for research, though the initial work was supervised by Dr. Lionel Kochan. It was an almost full-time occupation during the three years I spent at the University of East Anglia. By the early seventies, I had visited Paris, Helsinki, New York, Austin, Stanford—and briefly Leningrad—and a book was nearly complete. As the burdens of career and family mounted, the work ground to a halt. It was rescued in the mid-seventies by Kerensky's grandson, Oleg Kerensky, the ballet critic, who found readers sufficiently encouraging to justify the disruption of our normal existence. The support of Walter Deakin and Raymond Long secured the generosity of the Inner London Education Authority, which released me for a term on full pay in 1982 to take up an Education Fellowship at Keble College, Oxford. The Warden, Fellows, and first year politics students gave me the stimulus I needed to get re-started. It has still taken another three years to complete. Oleg Kerensky prodded me into finishing the book and followed up some important leads in New York. John D. Moore, President and Director of Columbia University Press, repeatedly urged me to overcome the practical obstacles to its completion. Börje Thilman, Director of Yritystieto Oy. of Helsinki and occasional contributor to Hufvudstadsbladet,