ALEX LA GUMA’S SHORT STORIES IN RELATION TO A WALK IN THE NIGHT: A SOCIO-POLITICAL AND LITERARY ANALYSIS VINCENT NTAGANIRA A minithesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Artium in the Department of English, University of the Western Cape. SUPERVISOR: DR. ROGER FIELD September, 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page………………………………………………………………………………….i Keywords………………………………….. .……………………………………………iv Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………v Declaration…………………………………………………………………….………….vi Acknowledgements……………………….……………………………………………...vii CHAPTER ONE: CONTEXTUALISATION OF THE STUDY…………………………1 1.1. Introduction..…………………………………………………………………….……1 1.2. Background to the study…...………………………………………………………....1 1.3. The research question ……………………………………………………………….1 1.4. The aim of the study. ………………………………………………………………...2 1.5. Methodology ……………………………...………...………………………………3 1.6. Introduction to La Guma’s life ………………………………………………..……..6 1.7. Summary and conclusion ………………………………………………..…………15 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW…………. ……………………………….16 2.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….16 2.2. The literature review ………………………………………………………………..16 2.3. Summary and conclusion………………………………………………………...….25 CHAPTER THREE: A SOCIO-POLITICAL AND LITERARY ANALYSIS OF THE NOVELLA AND THE ACCOMPANING SHORT STORIES………………………………………………………...26 ii 3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….26 3.2. Socio-political analysis. ……………………………………………..……….……..26 3.2.1. A Walk in the Night and “Tattoo Marks Nails”………...………………………….28 3.2.2. A Walk in the Night and “At Portagee’s”…………………………………………33 3.2.3. A Walk in the Night and “The Gladiators”…………………………………...…....36 3.2.4. A Walk in the Night and “Blankets” ……………..……………………………..…38 3.2.5. A Walk in the Night and “A Matter of Taste” ………….…………………………42 3.2.6. A Walk in the Night and “The Lemon Orchard”……………………………...…...46 3.2.7. Summary and conclusion………………………………………………………….48 CHAPTER FOUR: A LITERARY ANALYSIS OF THE NOVELLA AND THE SHORT STORIES: …………………………………………………49 4.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………...………..49 4.2. Literary analysis and literature………..………………………………………..……49 4.3. Realism……………………………………………………………………………...50 4.4. Naturalism…………………………...………………………………………………54 4.4.1. Minute details ……………………………………………………………….…….54 4.4.2.Environmental determinism..……………………………………………………..58 4.4.3. Pessimism as integral to naturalism…………………………………...………….61 4.5 Summary and conclusion………………………...………………………………….62 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………..…………63 iii BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………… ….65 KEY WORDS Alex La Guma South Africa Apartheid 20th century Coloured Marxism Politics in literature Protest literature Criticism History iv ABSTRACT The minithesis provides a detailed socio-political and literary analysis of A Walk in the Night: Seven stories from the streets of Cape Town. It investigates and systematically compares each short story to the novella or compares the short stories with each other and shows their thematic and formal similarities and differences. The results of the study will provide a valuable contribution to the study of African literature. It will complete what other critics have left out. No one among La Guma’s scholars has analysed the anthology as a single entity; most critics have analysed the novella and have not analysed the accompanying short stories. As a result, the relationships between the novella and the short stories are unknown to many readers. I argue that this needs to be corrected. In order to situate the thesis, the study also presents a selected list of critics who have studied the novella and the short stories, and indicates their achievements and their shortcomings. The study will be carried out from a Marxist perspective, and will explore the use of realist and naturalist literary styles. Marxism will provide the socio-political and theoretical framework. Naturalism and realism are the two main literary genres that occur in the anthology. September, 2005 v DECLARATION I declare that Alex La Guma’s short stories in relation to A Walk in the Night: A socio- political and literary analysis is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. VINCENT NTAGANIRA September 2005 SIGNED: vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank many people and different institutions for having made this minithesis possible. Thanks are due to my employer, The National University of Rwanda, for its decision to temporarily release me from duty and send me to the University of the Western Cape to follow a master’s programme. I also thank the Government of Rwanda, through its project of Human Resource Development, for having sponsored my studies. Special thanks to Dr. Roger Field, my erudite regular supervisor. Without his meticulous and constructive critical comments, this minithesis could not have materialised. I thank him so much for his encouragement. I owe him many debts of gratitude. I am grateful to Professor Peter Merrington, the Head of the Department of English and Professor Loes Nas, the Postgraduate Programme Co-ordinator, for their useful criticism in the drafting of my research proposal and their moral support. My thanks to them. Acknowledgement is also due to Professor Wendy Woodward for having increased my knowledge of South African and Indian Literature, but particularly for her motherly care and motivation. May God bless her. I wish to thank the library staff at the University of Western Cape, University of Cape Town and the University of Stellenbosch for their continuous and friendly assistance. Last, but not least, I would like to thank the members of my family and all my friends for their continuous moral support. I really appreciate their support. vii Finally, I am extremely grateful to my beautiful wife and best friend, Josiane Umwari, and my daughter, Gikundiro, for their patience during my absence. With love, I dedicate this minithesis to them. viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction This chapter is a contextualisation of the study. It deals with the background of the topic, specifies the research question and the aims and methodology, and provides an introduction to La Guma’s life. 1.2. Background of the study In his research on the teaching of African literature at Anglophone African Universities, Lindfors points out that “by 1986 La Guma had become one of the most frequently prescribed South African novelists, and among La Guma’s prescribed texts A Walk in the Night: Seven stories from the streets of Cape Town was the most popular” (1989:54-55). Though A Walk in the Night and its accompanying six short stories (“Tattoo Marks and Nails”, “At the Portagee’s”, “The Gladiators”, “Blankets”, “A Matter of Taste” and “The Lemon Orchard”) share many features, most critics have only analyzed the novella and ignored the short stories. Abrahams (1985: 22) notes that “many of the short stories on South Africa were written when La Guma was in jail or under house arrest and…reveal in theme the socio-political concerns he experienced then”, but goes no further. Chandramohan provides a superficial analysis of some of the short stories but does not venture any general statements, nor does he link them to the novella (1992: 64-66, 70-71, 73-74). None of the critics has carried out a comparative analysis of the anthology as one entity. By doing this, the thesis will break new ground in the study of La Guma’s work. 1.3. Research question The minithesis provides a critical analysis of A Walk in the Night: Seven stories from the streets of Cape Town. It asks why no one has analysed the anthology as a whole, 1 given its significance (Lindfors, 1989:54-55). It investigates and compares the themes found in this anthology of La Guma’s early fiction. 1.4. Aims I will conduct a close reading, pick out themes that the texts share, and examine the relationship between the novella and the short stories as well as the relationships between the short stories. In so doing, the study will aim to: - Provide a social analysis of the anthology. Both the novella and the accompanying short stories deal with social themes. In a more general sense, the anthology deals with the theme of apartheid and its ramifications. - Explore La Guma’s thoughts about coloureds at the time when he wrote the texts of the anthology. For example, most of the coloureds in La Guma’s work appear to believe that all are evil. In A Walk in the Night and “The Lemon Orchard”, for instance, white characters are presented as the enemies of coloureds. Another important characteristic of almost all coloured characters in the novella and in all the short stories is the absence of a political consciousness that is mature enough to organise a collective struggle against the oppression of . - Show that it is important to distinguish between the fact that politics can exist in a piece of literature and the fact that literature can be used to express political protest, and evaluate the effect that each could have. For example, in A Walk in the Night, one of the characters makes the capitalist system responsible for the wretched life of the coloureds: “‘It’s the capitalis’ system,’ 2