Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 For some good friends PREFACE Alan of Lille (d. 1202-3) possessed a richly-stocked and many- sided mind. The range of his learning impressed his contem- poraries, to whom he seemed to 'know everything knowable'. He was up-to-the-minute in his understanding of the latest technical developments in the study of the liberal arts in an age when technical skills were advancing rapidly; he was a good Aristotelian in his logic. But he was also greatly influenced by Thierry of Chartres and Gilbert of Poitiers, who had lectured on Boethius' theological treatises in the middle of the century. They, together with William of Conches in his lectures on Calcidius' commentary on Plato's Timaeus, had helped to bring about a revival of interest in Platonist ideas. If anything, the Platonist outweighs the Aristotelian in Alan; he saw the technical minutiae of his learning as part of a grand plan in which they were transformed into something finer and higher and made to serve a theology in which there was a good deal of Neoplatonic philosophy. In his Marriage of Philology and Mercury, written in the Vandal Carthage of the late fifth century AD, the pagan Martianus Capella describes how the seven liberal arts can elevate the soul to be fit for heaven. That is Alan's view of them, too. With his poetry and his Platonism braced by a sound grasp of Aristotelian logic and Pythagorean mathematics, he set out to lead his readers to the heights of an intellectual heaven, where the divine is all intelligibility. Like Augustine, Alan is a Christian Platonist through and through. But, unlike Augustine, he retained all his life the curiosity about what was new to him in secular and pagan teaching, which was so strong in Augustine before his conversion. Under a literary and ideological influence more Platonist than Aristotelian, Alan composed his famous symbolist vn Preface epic, the Anticlaudianus (or The Good and Perfect Man), on Martianus Capella's model; he adopted the form of the Marriage of Philology and Mercury in his prosimetric diatribe, Nature's Complaint, a dream-like vision in which Alan sees Nature denouncing sodomy and all the other ways in which the intended paths of sexual activity have been perverted. Yet, free as he felt to employ pagan authors, and wide though his eclecticism was, drawing even upon the Hermetic writings of the second and third centuries, with their teaching about the 'deification' of man through the use of his higher spiritual and rational powers, Alan was a most orthodox Christian theologian. He preached against the heretics in the south of France; he composed manuals for preachers and confessors, a dictionary of theological terms, every possible aid for the priest engaged in pastoral work. Alan of Lille has not been neglected by modern scholars. His works are too conspicuous - even exotic - a. patch of colour in the late twelfth-century scene not to attract attention. His writings present a number of difficulties, however. Because of the circum- stances of their composition in the schools, where many of them began as lectures and went through a number of versions, enlarge- ments and abbreviations, it is all but impossible to establish an authentic text for a number of Alan's works. Other pieces present problems of attribution. And Alan is not an easy author. He was fond of rare words; he loved subtlety and complexity and obscurity. His Anticlaudianus puzzled his contemporaries as much as it delighted them, and it has remained by far the most famous of his works, attracting a perhaps disproportionate amount of interest. There has been a series of specialised studies, but only M. T. d'Alverny has attempted a general survey. In her masterly assembling of the materials relating to his life and works she has provided a foundation upon which work on the texts can now go forward. That is a long-term project, and there is no prospect of its advancing far enough in the foreseeable future to make a com- prehensive and definitive study a real possibility yet. But a good part of Alan's work is now in print, much of it in modern editions; there is ample manuscript material. There is perhaps something viii Preface to be said for making use of the texts we have as a basis for a consideration of Alan's achievement as a whole. For it does form a whole - Alan made a synthesis of many branches of contem- porary scholarly and literary endeavour, simply by moving about so energetically among them. Alan shows us a capacious and dexterous mind at work, a vast intellectual energy and a poet's passion. He was, above all, an innovator - not, perhaps, a profoundly original thinker, but an eclectic with that taste for experimental juxtapositions and new combinations of familiar notions which is so attractive in a number of twelfth-century scholars. Alan invented new words, new modes of expression, new forms and gestures, to try to meet changing contemporary needs. He was not an introspective, but a thoroughly extrovert thinker, addressing himself to the problem of popular heresy, or the student in need of a dictionary, or the congregation who came to hear him preach, with a sensitivity which enabled him to adapt what he had to say to their needs. For all his love of mystery, Alan was always practical; theory and practice go hand in hand in his writings. He liked to be able to reveal the existence of depths of truth beyond anything his readers have envisaged, and then to give them an explanation which would enable them to grasp something of that truth. He showed, as perhaps no other writer of the age was able to do, in exactly what way poetry and the artes alike could be made to serve the purposes of the theologian. It is in the context of his work as a theologian that his poetry is considered here. Although, philosophically speaking, it cannot be said to be of permanent value, his achievement is a very considerable one. Bernard Silvestris,\ whose Cosmographia showed Alan what might be done along these lines, cannot match it in magnitude. Peter the Chanter, who had Alan's range as a teacher, was not a poet. The possessor of this rich, complex and quite individual mind remains an obscure figure. He has not attracted a biographer, largely, perhaps, because the materials for his life are fragmen- tary. He has little to offer the political historian because, unlike his contemporary John of Salisbury, he wrote no memoir, no political commentary (except in an oblique way in his sermons); he does not describe the famous teachers of his youth; he made no collection of his letters for publication. So little trace did con- ix