IBN HAZM'S METHODOLOGY OF jahala IN HIS BOOK al-muhallA 0 BY FAREED MUHAMMAD HADI ABDULQADER THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF Ph. D. IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC & MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES, THI FACULTY OF ARTS, AT UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, APRIL 2000 UN/P /Av' fa V- o Declaration I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this thesis is written by myself and any references made to the sources are duly acknowledged. FAREED MUHAMMAD HADI ABDULQADER 11 Abstract This thesis is a study of Ibn Hazm's methodology of rejecting narrations, in particular where hejudges the narrators to be unknown (majhul). It examines: 1. Ibn Hazm's methodology ofjahala. 2. Ibn Hazm's agreement and disagreement with the Hadlth scholars injudging narrators to be unknown (majhul). 3. The impact of Ibn Hazm's judgement of unknown narrators upon his jurisprudence. The thesis contains an introduction, three parts and a conclusion. In the introduction the significance of the research and the necessity for the study are explained. Part One deals with Ibn Hazm and the Zahirl school and contains two chapters. Chapter 1 covers Ibn Hazm's personal and scholarly life, and Chapter 2 studies the Zahiri school, its influence and its principles. Part Two studies Ibn Hazm's rejection ofnarrations for reasons other thanjahala and is divided into three chapters. Chapter 3 focuses on Ibn Hazm's criticism of narrators as weak or liars; Chapter 4 explains Ibn Hazm's criteria for rejecting narrations; and Chapter 5 examines Ibn Hazm's criticism ofchain and text. Part Three, which is the main part ofthe study, covers Ibn Hazm's methodology ofjahala and its effect on rejecting narrators and narrations. It contains five chapters. Chapter 6 explains 'adala andjahala according to the scholars' definitions. Chapter 7 examines the opinions of Ibn Hazm and other scholars with regard to unknown narrators. Chapter 8 covers Ibn Hazm's method of assessing narrators' 'adala ('adalat al-ruwat). Chapter 9 examines Ibn Hazm'sjudgement ofnarrators in his book Al-Muhalla in order to clarify his method of assessing jahala. Chapter 10 examines Ibn Hazm'sjudgement ofnarrators as being unknown and its impact upon hisjurisprudence. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the discussions ofthe thesis and presents the findings ofthe study. iii KEY TO TRANSLITERATION The transliteration of Arabic words is according to the following alphabetical substitution: A. Consonants: B. Vowels: Short vowels Long vowels A a > — u > U i i — v C. Diphthongs: 0 Z * i J,J1 : J1 aw: awla ay: ghayb : ' :"- iv Acknowledgements Praise be to Allah, for His great unlimited grace, and for having allowed me to achieve this research successfully. Peace be upon the seal of the messengers, Muhammad, and upon all the Messengers and Prophets and their Companions and followers. My gratitude after Allah, is to my father, may Allah's mercy be upon him, and to my mother, may Allah bless her, for her unlimited giving, for her continuing sacrifices for her sons, for her patience during my absence for all this period for being far from her sight, and leaving her with longings for her son. I would like to express my deep respect to my supervisor Dr. Yasin Dutton. I am very grateful for his learned guidance and accurate advice which have had a very great effect on the research. I would like to give my thanks to the University ofBahrain for sponsoring me throughoutthe period ofworking on my thesis at the University ofEdinburgh. I would like to give my acknowledgement to the University ofEdinburgh, Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern studies and the staffofthe Main Library for their help. I would like also to thank Miss Lesley Scobie, the Secretary ofthe Department, for her effort and help. Also I would like to give my thanks to my brother Abdulrahman, Sue Argent and Sylvia Hunt for their language support, as I deeply believe that without their support my research would not have been as accurate as it is. My deep thanks, appreciation, respect and gratefulness to my wife Suha Saeed for her unlimited support, which cannot be described in words. I give my thanks to all who have collaborated to achieve this research. And finally, I would like to give my thanks, respect and love to all who have guided me, whether their guidance was direct or indirect, and whether they are now living or dead. V List of Abbreviations Al-Adab al-Andalusi: Haykal, Al-Adab al-Andalusi min al-Fath ila Suqutal-Khilafa Ahwalal-Rijal: Al-Juzjani,Ahwal al-Rijal Al-Akhlaq: Ibn Hazm, Al-Akhlaq wa al-Siyar /I 7am al-Muwaqqi'in: Ibn al-Qayyim, A 'lam al-Muwaqqi 'in 'an Rabb al-'Alamih. Ansab: Al-Sam'ani, Al-Ansab Al-Ashbah wa al-Naza'ir: Al-Subki, al-Ashbah wa al-Naza'ir B Bada'i Al-Kasani, Bada'i' al-Sana'i'fiTartib al-Shara'i' Al-Bayan wa al-Tahsil\ Ibn Rushd, Al-Bayan wa al-Tahsil wa al-Sharh wa al-Tawjih wa al-Ta'HIfiMasa'il al-Mustakhraja Bidaya: Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya Bidayat al-Mujtahid: Ibn Rushd, Bidayat al-Mujtahidwa Nihayat al-Muqtasid Brockelmann: Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur Bughya: Al-Dabbi, Bughyat al-Multamis fITarikh Rijal Ahl al-Andalus Bunyat al-'Aql al-Arabi. Al-Jabirl, Bunyat al- 'Aql al- 'ArabI Burhan: Imam al-Haramayn, al-BurhanfiUsul al-Fiqh Bukhari: Al-Bukhari, Al-Jami' al-Sahih Vll D | Dawudal-Zahirr. 'Arif Khalll, al-Imam Dawud al-Zahirl wa Atharihflal-Fiqh al-Zahiri Al-Dhakhira\ Ibn Bassam, Al-DhakhrraflMahasin Ahl al-Jazfra Dhikr Man Yu'tamad: Al-Dhahabi, Dhikr Man Yu 'tamad Qawluhfl al-Jarhwa al-Ta 'dll Dirasat 'an Ibn Hazm\ Makkl, Dirasat'an Ibn Hazm wa Kitabih Tawq al-Hamama Du 'afa'\ Al-Bukharl, al-Du 'afa' al-Saghlr Al-Du 'afa' al-Kablr: Al-'Uqayll, al-Dn 'afa' al-Kablr. F Falsafat al-Tashrl' Mahmasanl, Falsafat al-Tashri'flal-Islam Al-Faqlh: Al-Khatib al-Baghdadl,Al-Faqlh wa al-Mutafaqqih Fathal-Barr. Ibn Hajar, Fath al-Barl Sharh Sahlh al- Bukharl Fathal-QadIr\ Ibn al-Humam, SharhFath al-Qadir Al-Fikr al-Falsafi\ Yafut, Ibn Hazm wa al-Fikr al-Falsafl bi al-Maghrib wa al-Andalus Fiqh Islamr. Al-Zuhayll, al-Fiqh al-IslamlwaAdillatuh Fisal: Ibn Hazm, al-Fisalflal-Milal wa al-Ahwa' wa al-Nihal Al-Furuq: Al-Qarafi, Anwar al-BuruqfiAnwa' al-Furuq ~G~1 Ghamz 'Uyun al-Basa'ir: Ibn Nujaym, al-Ashbah wa al-Naza' ir viii H Al-Hadara al-'Arabiyya: Levi-Provencal, al-Hadara al- Arabiyyafi al-Andalus Al-Hadatha: Al-Jabiri, al-Turath wa al-Hadatha Al-Hawlal-Kabir: Al-MawardI, al-Hawial-Kabir Al-Hayat al-'Ilmiyya: Al-Bishrl, al-Hayat al- 'Ilmiyyafi 'asr al-Khilafafial-Andalus Hidayatal-Salik: Ibn Jama'a, Hidaya al-Salik ilaal-Madhahib al-Arba'afial-Manasik Al-Hujja: Mahmud ibn Imam, al-HujjaflFadl Sukna al-Madma 'alaMakka I Ibn Hazm KhilalAlf 'Am: Abu 'Abd al-Rahman, Ibn Hazm KhilalAlf 'Am Ibtal: Ibn Hazm, MulakhkhasIbtalal-Qiyas wa al-Ra'y wa al-Istihsan wa al-Taqlldwa al-Ta'III Idafa: Bazmul, al-Idafa: Dirasat Hadlthiyya Al-Ihata: Ibn al-Khatib, al-IhatafiAkhbar Gharnata Ihkam: Ibn Hazm, al-Ihkamfl Usui al-Ahkam Ikhtisar: Shakir, al-Ba'ith al-Hathlth Sharh Ikhtisar 'Ulum al-Hadith In Pursuit ofVirtue: Abu Laylah, In Pursuit ofVirtue Irshadal-Fuhul: Al-ShawkanI, Irshadal-Fuhul Irshadal-Sari: Al-QastallanI, Irshadal-Sarlli Sharh Sahlh al-Bukharl Irshad Tulab al-Haqa'iq: Al-Nawawi, Irshad Tullab al-Haqa'iq Ila Ma'rifatSunan Khayr al-Khala'iq Al-Isaba: Ibn Hajar, al-IsabafITamylz al-Sahaba ix Al-Istidhkar: Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, al-Istidhkar al-Jami' li Madhahib Fuqaha' al-Amsar wa 'Ulama' al-Aqtar Jadhwa\ Al-Humaydi, Jadhwatal-Muqtabas Jami' al-Usul: Ibn al-Athir, Jami' al-UsulflAhadith al-Rasul Al-Jarhwa al-Ta'dil: Ibn Abl Hatim, al-Jarhwa al-Ta'dil K Kabir: Al-Bukhan, al-Tarikh al-Kabir Kalam AbiZakariyya: Ibn Ma'In, Min KalamAbiZakariyya Yahyaibn Ma'mflal-Rijal Kamil: Ibn 'AdI, al-KamilflDu 'afa' al-Rijal Kashif. Al-Dhahabi, Al-Kashif fl Ma'rifat man lah Riwayaflal-Kutub al-Sitta Kifaya: Al-Khatlb al-Baghdadi, al-Kifayafl 'Urn al-Riwaya Kitab al-Hujja\ Al-ShaybanI, Kitab al-Hujja 'ala Ahl al- Madma The Legacy ofIslam: Arnold, Thomas, The Legacy ofIslam Lisan: Ibn Hajar, Lisan al-MIzan A Literary History: Nicolson, Reynold A, A LiteraryHistory ofthe Arabs Al-Lubab: Ibn al-Athir, al-LubabflTahdhib al-Ansab x