Airport Engineering Airport Engineering: Planning, Design, and Development of 21st Century Airports Norman J. Ashford, Saleh Mumayiz and Paul H. Wright Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Airport Engineering Planning, Design, and Development of 21st Century Airports Fourth Edition Norman J. Ashford Saleh Mumayiz Paul H. Wright JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. To Joan, Lubna, and Joyce Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. 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Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Ashford,Norman. Airport engineering : planning, design, and development of 21st century airports / Norman J. Ashford, SalehMumayiz,PaulH.Wright.—4thed. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-39855-5(cloth);978-1-118-00529-3(ebk);978-1-118-00546-0(ebk);978-1-118-00547-7 (ebk);978-1-118-04822-1(ebk);978-1-118-04824-5 (ebk) 1.Airports—Planning.I.Mumayiz,SalehA.II.Wright,PaulH.III.Title. TL725.3.P5A832011 387.7(cid:3)36—dc22 2010054177 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 Contents Preface xi 1 The Structure and Organization of Air Transport 1 1.1 The Need for National and International Organizations 1 1.2 The International Civil AviationOrganization 1 1.3 Nongovernmental Organizations 4 1.4 U.S. Governmental Organizations 4 1.5 Aviation Planning and Regulation at State Level 6 1.6 Patterns of Airport Ownership 7 1.7 Revenues and Expenditures at U.S. Airports 9 1.8 Sources of Capital Financing for U.S. Airports 11 1.9 Federal Financing 15 1.10 The U.S. National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems: A Classification of Airports 18 References 20 2 Forecasting Air Transport Demand 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Components of Air Transport Demand 25 2.3 Conventional Airport Forecast Methods 26 2.4 Integrated Demand Forecast Framework 33 2.5 MultiairportRegion Forecast Framework 43 2.6 Air Trip DistributionModels 60 2.7 Modal Choice Models 62 2.8 Generation–DistributionModels 63 2.9 Air Freight Demand Forecasts 66 2.10 General Aviation Forecasts 68 2.11 Route Choice Models 70 References 71 3 Characteristics of Aircraft As They Affect Airports 74 3.1 Relationships between Aircraft and Airports 74 3.2 The Influence of Aircraft Design on Runway Length 76 3.3 Other Airport Layout Factors 94 3.4 Factors Affecting Airport Capacity 97 3.5 Noise 98 3.6 Future Trends in Aircraft Design 101 References 104 v vi Contents 4 Airport System Planning 105 4.1 AviationSystem Planning 105 4.2 Levels of Planning 106 4.3 Planning Airport Systems underDifferent States of Industry 106 4.4 Effect of Airline Hubs and Deregulation on U.S. Airport System 110 4.5 AirTransport Planning in the United States 115 4.6 Airport System Planning in Europe 129 4.7 Airport System Plan Analysis 131 4.8 Data Structure for Airport System Planning 145 References 148 5 Airport Master Planning 150 5.1 Airport Master Plan: Definition and Objectives 150 5.2 Hierarchy of Planning 151 5.3 Elements of Airport Master Plan: FAA 151 5.4 ICAO Guidelines for Structure of Master Plan 160 5.5 Airport Layout Design 162 5.6 Data Requirements for Master Planning 163 5.7 Structure of Master Plan Report 167 5.8 Airport Site Selection 177 References 178 6 CNS/ATM 179 6.1 Evolutionof the System 179 6.2 U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) 183 6.3 CNS/ATM of theNAS 193 6.4 Next-Generation Systems 230 References 232 7 Airport Capacity 234 7.1 Introduction 234 7.2 Capacity, Level of Service, and Demand Peaking 235 7.3 AirsideCapacity 237 7.4 Factors Affecting AirsideCapacity and Delay 241 7.5 Determination of Runway Capacity and Delay 245 7.6 Annual Service Volume 256 7.7 Preliminary Capacity Analyses 258 7.8 Calculating Aircraft Delay 260 7.9 Taxiway Capacity 264 7.10 Gate Capacity 264 7.11 AssessingSystem Capacity–Delay for Airport Development 266 7.12 Airport LandsideCapacity 273 References 294 Contents vii 8 Airside Configuration and Geometric Designof the Airside 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.2 Principles of Airport Layout 298 8.3 Airfield Configuration 298 8.4 Runway Orientation 301 8.5 Obstructionsto Airspace: FAA and ICAO Standards 309 8.6 Runway Length 312 8.7 Clearways and Stopways 318 8.8 ICAO Reference Code 319 8.9 FAA Airport Reference Code 321 8.10 Separation of Parallel Runways 322 8.11 Runway and Taxiway Cross Section 323 8.12 Object-Clearing Criteria 330 8.13 Longitudinal-GradeDesign for Runways and Stopways 332 8.14 Longitudinal-GradeDesign for Taxiways 335 8.15 Taxiway Design 336 8.16 Holding Aprons 340 8.17 Terminal Aprons 340 8.18 Summary 349 References 349 9 Safeguarding the Airport 351 9.1 Airport Safety 351 9.2 Airport Security 359 9.3 Airport Emergency Planning 361 9.4 Planning of Airport Security 367 9.5 Safeguarding the Airspace 373 References 412 10 Passenger Terminal 414 10.1 Function of Airport Passenger Terminal 414 10.2 Terminal User 414 10.3 Facilities Required at Passenger Terminal 415 10.4 Passenger and Baggage Flow 417 10.5 Security Considerations in Passenger Terminal Design and Layout 418 10.6 Terminal Design Concepts 420 10.7 Vertical Distributionof Activities 424 10.8 Passenger Behavior in Terminal 426 10.9 Importance of Passenger Terminal Expenditures 428 10.10 Space Requirements for IndividualFacilities 429 10.11 Baggage Handling 438 10.12 Terminals for Low-Cost Carriers 444 viii Contents 10.13 Expandability,Modularity,and Flexibility 444 10.14 Number of Aircraft Gates 447 10.15 Parking Configurations and Apron Layout 452 10.16 Apron Facilities and Requirements 454 References 456 11 Air Cargo Facilities 457 11.1 Importance of Air Cargo 457 11.2 Functions of Cargo Terminal 457 11.3 Factors Affecting Size and Form of Cargo Terminal 458 11.4 Flow through Airport Cargo Terminal 462 11.5 Pallets, Containers, Igloos,and Other Unitized Systems 465 11.6 Freight-Carrying Aircraft 469 11.7 Documentation and Control 469 11.8 Apron Cargo Handling 471 11.9 Elements to Be Considered in Design of Air Freight Terminals 472 11.10 Example of Design of Middle-TechnologyFreight Terminal 474 11.11 Design of Highly Mechanized Cargo Terminal with Container Stacks and ETV 479 11.12 Mail and Express Parcels Facilities 485 11.13 Conclusion 486 References 488 12 Airport Drainage and Pavement Design 489 AIRPORT DRAINAGE 489 12.1 Introduction 489 12.2 Estimationof Runoff 490 12.3 Collection and Disposalof Runoff 496 12.4 Subsurface Drainage 504 STRUCTURAL PAVEMENT DESIGN 508 12.5 Introduction 508 12.6 Flexible-Pavement Design Methods (U.S. Practice) 516 12.7 Rigid-Pavement Design Methods (U.S. Practice) 527 12.8 Pavements for Light Aircraft 536 12.9 Aircraft and Pavement Classification Numbers 538 References 541 13 Airport Access 543 13.1 Access Problem 543 13.2 Determining Mix of Access Modes 547 13.3 AvailableAccess Modes 548 Contents ix 13.4 Access Modal Choice Models 557 13.5 Parking Space at Airports 559 13.6 Curbfront Design 562 13.7 Capacity of Access Routes 564 13.8 Layout of Access 564 13.9 Summary 571 References 571 14 Heliports, STOLports, and Vertiports 573 14.1 Introduction 573 14.2 Helicopter Characteristics and Trends 573 14.3 Planning and Design of Heliports 577 14.4 Planning and Design of STOLports 595 14.5 Planning and Design of STOL Facilities 596 14.6 Planning and Design of Vertiports 600 References 601 15 Airport Modeling and Simulation 602 15.1 Introduction 602 15.2 Definitions and Concepts 603 15.3 Airport Simulations 609 15.4 Airfield–AirspaceSimulation 610 15.5 Environmental Simulation Models 635 15.6 Airport–LandsideSimulation 644 15.7 Airport GIS 653 References 655 16 Airport City 659 16.1 Introduction 659 16.2 Global City 660 16.3 Building Blocks of Airport City 662 16.4 Anatomy of Aerotropolis 666 16.5 Airport Cities of the World 673 16.6 Planning of Airport City and Aerotropolis 700 References 703 17 Environmental Impacts of Airports 704 17.1 Introduction 704 17.2 Environmental Legislation 705 17.3 Airport Environmental Guidance 706 17.4 Environmental Review Process 707 17.5 Air Emissions/Quality 714 x Contents 17.6 Biodiversityand Natural Resources 720 17.7 Historic,Archaeological, Architectural, and Cultural Resources 721 17.8 Noiseand Land Use 721 17.9 Social and Socioeconomic Resources 729 17.10 WasteManagement 731 17.11 Water Resources 732 17.12 SustainableDevelopment 733 References 736 Index 739