AIR POLLUTION Health and Environmental Impacts AIR POLLUTION (cid:40)(cid:69)(cid:65)(cid:76)(cid:84)(cid:72) (cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:68) (cid:37)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:65)(cid:76) (cid:41)(cid:77)(cid:80)(cid:65)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:83) (cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:66)(cid:89) (cid:34)(cid:40)(cid:47)(cid:44)(cid:33) (cid:50)(cid:14) (cid:39)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:42)(cid:33)(cid:50) (cid:44)(cid:53)(cid:41)(cid:51)(cid:33) (cid:52)(cid:14) (cid:45)(cid:47)(cid:44)(cid:41)(cid:46)(cid:33) (cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:33)(cid:46)(cid:36)(cid:50)(cid:33) (cid:51)(cid:14) (cid:48)(cid:14) (cid:47)(cid:42)(cid:40)(cid:33) (cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:68) (cid:66)(cid:89) (cid:36)(cid:82)(cid:14) (cid:45)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:79) (cid:42)(cid:14) (cid:45)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:65) Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-0963-1 (Ebook-PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To “Those Committed to Improving Air Quality across the World” Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................................xi Preface....................................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................xv Editors ....................................................................................................................xvii Contributors ............................................................................................................xix Chapter 1. Air Pollution: Health and Environmental Concerns ............................1 Bhola R. Gurjar, Luisa T. Molina, and Chandra S.P. Ojha SectIon I Air Pollution Monitoring and Modeling Chapter 2. Air Pollution Monitoring and Source Characterization .....................19 Anita Lakhani, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian, and Bhola R. Gurjar Chapter 3. Air Pollution Modeling: Theory and Application ..............................45 Chandra S.P. Ojha, Marcelo Mena, Sarath Guttikunda, Bhola R. Gurjar, and Wenfang Lei SectIon II Air Pollution and Health effects Chapter 4. Indoor Air Pollution and Health Effects ..........................................109 Radha Goyal and Mukesh Khare Chapter 5. Effects of Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Fuel Use on Women’s Health in India ..............................................135 Twisha Lahiri and Manas Ranjan Ray Chapter 6. Health Effects of Urban Air Pollution in India ................................165 Manas Ranjan Ray and Twisha Lahiri vii viii Contents Chapter 7. Air Pollutants Exposure and Health Effects during the MILAGRO–MCMA2006 Campaign ...............................................203 Horacio Tovalin, Olf Herbarth, Martha P. Sierra-Vargas, Bo Strandberg, Salvador Blanco, Libia Vega, Constantinos Sioutas, Juan J. Hicks, Rubén Marroquín, Gustavo Acosta, Marco Guarneros, Vicente Hernández, Elizabeth Estrada-Muñiz, Ivonne M. Olivares, Dora A. Pérez, Yessica Torres-Ramos, Frank Ulrich, Robyn Hudson, Ernesto Reyes, Tracy Rodríguez, Guillermo Elizondo, and Eliseo Cantellano Chapter 8. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Distribution, and Health Implications ..............................................229 Nirat Rajput and Anita Lakhani Chapter 9. Cellular Mechanisms behind Particulate Matter Air Pollution–Related Health Effects .....................................................249 Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno, Claudia García-Cuellar, Andrea De-Vizcaya-Ruiz, Leonora Rojas-Bracho, and Alvaro R. Osornio-Vargas SectIon III Health Risk Assessment and Management Chapter 1.0. Emission of Airborne Particulate Matter in Indoor Environments: Exposure and Risk Assessment ...............................277 Rajasekhar Balasubramanian, See Siao Wei, and Sathrugnan Karthikeyan Chapter 1.1. Estimation of Health Impacts due to PM in 10 Major Indian Cities ...........................................................................297 Prabhakar Nema and Sanjeev K. Goyal Chapter 1.2. Health Risk Assessment and Management for Air Toxics in Indian Environment ...................................................311 Manju Mohan and Bhola R. Gurjar Contents ix SectIon IV Air Quality Management: techniques and Policy Aspects Chapter 1.3. The Economics of Air Pollution: Theories, Valuation Methods, and Policy Aspects ...........................................327 Dilek Demirbas Chapter 1.4. Elements of Air Quality Management: Atmospheric Science Tools for Developing Effective Policy ................................363 Jeffrey R. Brook, Michael D. Moran, William Pennell, and Lorraine Craig SectIon V environmental Impacts of Air Pollution Chapter 1.5. Assessing Ground-Level Ozone (O) Impacts to 3 Crops in Parts of Asia and Southern Africa: The Regional Air Pollution in Developing Countries (RAPIDC) Crops Project .................................................................421 Lisa D. Emberson, Patrick Büker, Magnuz Engardt, Anna M. van Tienhoven, Madhoolika Agrawal, Mark Zunckel, Kevin Hicks, Håkan Pleijel, Nguyen T. K. Oanh, Lal P. Amgain, Towhid Islam, Syed R.A. Shamsi, G. Anoma D. Perera, Gert H.J. Krüger, and Pieter R. Smit Chapter 1.6. Impacts of Air Pollution on the Ecosystem and Human Health: A Sustainability Perspective ............................................................447 Ioan Manuel Ciumasu and Naela Costica Chapter 1.7. Regional and Global Environmental Issues of Air Pollution ...........493 Luisa T. Molina and Bhola R. Gurjar Index ......................................................................................................................519