Al & SOCIETY Author Index Adablah N. See Lings B et al. Narayanan A, On a Human-Centred Aichholzer G, Systemic Rationalisation in Approach to Database Systems 128 Austria: Social and Political Mediation in Technology Use and Work Organization McLoughlin I, Human-Centred by Design? 277 The Adoption of CAD in the UK 296 Antoni G D and Pizzi R, Virtuality as a Basis Maiocchi R, Can You Make a Computer for Problem Solving? 239 Understand and Produce Art? 183 Majchrzak A and Gasser L, On Using Badham R J, Technology, Work and Culture Artificial Intelligence to Integrate the 263 Design of Organizational and Process Change in US Manufacturing 321 Churcher P R, The Impact of Artificial Michie D, Expert Systems: The End of the Intelligence on Leisure 147 Beginning 142 Cordeschi R, The Discovery of the Artificial. Morrison P. See Forester T and Morrison P Some Protocybernetic Developments 1930-1940 218 Narayanan A. See Lings B et al. Newman D, Interpreting an Intelligent Tutor’s Ennals R, What are Knowledge Engineers Algorithmic Task: A Role For? 171 for Apprenticeship as a Model for Instructional Design 93 Forester T and Morrison P, Computer Ethics Nissan E, ONOMATURGE: An Artificial (book review) 255 Intelligence Tool and Paradigm for Foster L. See Lings B et al. Supporting National and Native Language Fostering Policies 202 Gasser L. See Majchrzak A and Gasser L Gill K S, Editorial 2, 92, 182 Paetau M,‘Adaptive’ and‘Cooperative’ Computer Systems — A Challenge for Havn E, Joint Organizational and Technical Sociological Research 61 Development of CIM-Systems: An Perkinson H J, The Making of a Risk Aversion Extension of the Classic Scandinavian Society 70 Approach 308 Pizzi R. See Antoni G D and Pizzi R Jin Y. See Lings B et al. Rada R, Computers and Gradualness: The Selfish Meme 246 LaFrance M, What are Experts For? 161 Robinson M, Double-Level Languages and Co- Leith P operative Working 34 Formalism in AI and Computer Science Rosenbrock H, Machines with a Purpose (book review) 256 (book review) 81 The Computerised Lawyer: A Guide to the Rosenbrock H H, Designing Human-Centred Use of Computers in the Legal Profession Technology: A Cross-Disciplinary Project 256 in Computer-Aided Manufacturing Lings B, Adablah N, Foster L, Jin Y and (book review) 74 Author Index Salzman H, Engineering Perspectives and Whitley E A, Two Approaches to Developing Technology Design in the United States Expert Systems: A Consideration of 339 Formal and Semi-Formal Domains 110 Sato K, From AI to Cybernetics 155 Woherem E E, Human Factors in Information Sorgaard P, Evaluating Expert System Technology: The Socio-Organisational Prototypes 3 Aspects of Expert Systems Design 18 Al & SOCIETY Subject Index A* system 4, 13, 14 Assisting computer 62 AARON 189, 195-200 and work organisation 66-9 Adaptive systems 61 Austria, systemic rationalisation 277-95 Advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) Automated systems 310-11 310, 322, 323 Automatic meeting scheduler 44 implementation problems 322-3 Aesthetic judgment 195 BMT 144-5 Aesthetic viewpoint 193 BRITE-EURAM 270, 271 Aircraft identification 96 Algorithmic aesthetics 192-4 CAD 284-5, 291, 292, 312 required to understand context and goals adoption in UK 296-307 of 93-109 choice and negotiation in adoption of Analytic methods 232-5 299-302 Antibody analysis advisor (A*) 4, 13, 14 prospects for human-centred 302-4 Apprenticeship, concept of learning 93-109 CAD/CAM 271, 272, 285, 304 APT programming languages 271 CAD/CAP 311 Arizona environment 45 CAM 323 Art perception and creation via computer CAP/CAM 311 183-201 CIM 266, 270, 308-20, 321, 323 Artificial, culture of the 218-38 design rules 316 Artificial intelligence development 316, 317 and artistic computer graphics 187-9 human-centred 318 and cybernetics 155-61 joint organisational and technical design and gradualness 250-1 315-17 and problem of understanding 646 joint organisational and technical as tool and paradigm for supporting national development 308-20 and native language CIM-OSA project 268, 310 fostering policies 202-17 CNC machines 67, 311-12 automata 148 COED system 119 current impact on work-leisure 148-50 Cognitive processing 137 design integration of organizational and Collaborative design 53—4 process change in US Communication, role of 119 manufacturing 321-38 Computational metaphor 137 enhancing 148 Computational model formalism in (book review) 256 contributions 247 future prospects 150-3 evolution 246-54 history of 218-38 Computer-automated manufacturing (CAM) impact on leisure 147-55 322 interdisciplinary orientation 264-7 Computer aided cooperative work 315 optimistic perspectives 150-1 Computer aided craftsman 311-12 pessimistic perspectives 151-3 Computer aided design. See CAD sociological research 61 Computer aided manufacturing (book review) use of term 148 74 iv Subject Index Computer assisted software engineering Evolving cell model (ECM) 333-4 (CASE) 144 Expert systems Computer-based manufacturing, design and information systems 115 practices and principles 342-51 approaches to developing 110-27 Computer ethics (book review) 255 as tools 9 Computer graphics and artificial intelligence classification 120 187-9 communication flows 122 Computer integrated manufacturing. See CIM control methodology 114 Computer science, formalism in (book review) design 22, 27 256 development process 121-3 Computer supported co-operative work evaluation 10-13 (CSCW) 34 formal domains 112, 125 applied criteria 44-54 functionalist approach 112 Computer systems general attitude of end users 25 art perception and creation 183-201 impact in organisations 24-7 socio-technical approach to design 118 inductive programming 1446 Computers lexical innovation 2034 and gradualness 246-54 organisation-centred approach to design 28 as tools 311-12 prototype case studies 4 in law (book review) 256 prototype evaluation 3 Contributions, computational model 247 role of knowledge engineer 161-71 Cooperative behaviour 64 role of socio-organisational factors 27 Cooperative working 34, 61 semi-formal domains 111, 117-20, 125 Coordinator 46-9, 120 socio-organisational aspects 18 Corporate image, impact of expert systems socio-technical approach 117-20 26-7 state-of-the-art 142-73 Cybernetics structured induction 143 and artificial intelligence 155-61 test 13-14 developments 1930-1940 218-38 Experts, role of 161-73 Extended skill utilization 287-8 Data security 136 Databases FAST programme 268, 304 bringing usage into design 134-6 Flexible manufacturing cells (FMC) 332 current design methodology 129-31, 137 Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) 322 design philosophies 137-9 Florence project 534 human-centred approach 128, 139 security of data 136 GASOIL 145 text 252 GEMINI project 27 user roles 129-31 gIBIS 51-3 user-centred approach 132-7, 139 GIFT 291 Decision-automation systems 9 Gradualness DECTALK 102 and artificial intelligence 250-1 Design criteria 345-50 and computers 246-54 Design cycle times 315 and evolution 249-50 Design policies and practices 343-50 in knowledge refinement 251-2 Double-level language 34 in text refinement 252 criterion of 41-4 Group decision support system (GDSS) 40-1 Dreyfus model of skill acquisition 1234 GROVE 42-4, 46 Electronic brainstorming 41 HITOP-A model 327-37 Electronic meeting scheduling 39 and academic community 334-5 Electronic point of sales (EPOS) terminals and practitioner community 336-7 286 content of 329-32 Empathy 66 current status 334 EMYCIN 5 description of 328-9 Engineering design 298-9 development implications 329-30 United States 339-56 framework of 331-2 ESPRIT project 268, 270, 310, 312, 314, 318 future development 334 ETHICS method 118 implementation of using knowledge-based Evaluative system 193 software 3324 Evolution intended users 327-8 and gradualness 249-50 open system principle 329-32 computational model 246-54 Human behaviour 61 Subject Index Human-centred systems 91 Knowledge worker 63 as aiternative design philosophy 138 background to 267-72 Language, national and native fostering CAD 296-307 policies 202-17 CIM 318 Law, computers in (book review) 256 database design 128 Learning design 119 and tradition 314 design developments 269 apprenticeship concept of 93-109 design research 272-4 Learning organisation 314 versus user-centred systems 139 Leisure, impact of artificial intelligence 147-55 Human-centred technology (book review) 74 Lexical innovation, ONOMATURGE expert Human-computer interaction (HCI) 18, 63 system 2034 Human factors Lexical modernization, cultural impact 204-6 in information technology 18 Linguistics, national and native language physical aspects of 20 fostering policies 202-17 socio-organisational dimension of 20—4 Human-information relationships 137 MACH-III 102 Human resources management (HRM) 303 Machine question 2634 Hypertext 252 Machines with a Purpose (book review) 81 Man-machine communication 63 ICAM project 316, 318 Man-machine cooperation 63 ID3 143 Manufacturing resources planning (MRP2) IDEF method 318 systems 270 INCOFT 93-109 Materials requirements planning (MRP) 321, Information processing systems 137 322 Information systems MDI 271 and expert systems 115 MERIT Institute 270 issue-based 51 MID 270 socio-technical 118-20 MODEM 270 Information technology Multi-perspective concept (MPC) 29 for social citizenship 181-2 Mutual influence, criterion of 38-40 human factors in 18 MYCIN 5, 143, 145 interdisciplinary orientation of 264-7 social and political mediation in use and National Electronic Council (NEC) 23 work organisation 277-95 New competence, criterion of 40-1 Integrated manufacturing. See CIM “95% syndrome” 7 Intelligent instructional systems 93-109 Interdisciplinary orientation of artificial intelligence 264-7 Ocean Park grammar rules 189-91 of information technology 264-7 Office systems 61 Interpersonal relations 64 OKP (One of a Kind Production) 309, 314 Interpretative system 193 ONOMATURGE 202-17 Issue-based information system 51 Open system paradigm in HITOP-A model 329-32 Job control, impact of expert systems 25 Order cycle time 315 Job satisfaction, impact of expert systems 25 Organizational conservatism 287 Organizational integration 287-8 Knowledge + inference = system 9, 15 Knowledge acquisition 113, 121, 161-71 Paintings, structure of 189-92 and documentation structuring (KADS) Patriot 96 project 27 Performance, impact of expert systems 25 Knowledge-based systems 18, 20 Problem solving, virtuality in 239-45 HITOP-A 332-4 Production environment, United States 351-2 Knowledge communication 120-4 Production technology design, historical Knowledge elicitation 113, 121 context 340-2 Knowledge engineering PROSPECTOR 143 analysis of stories in 163-8 Protocybernetics and culture of the artificial and expert systems 161-71 218-19 research approach 164-8 Psychic machine 228-32 role of 171-3 PUFF 143 Knowledge-mediating systems 8 Knowledge refinement, gradualness in 251-2 Risk aversion 70-3 Knowledge representation, AARON 199-200 Robot approach, Hull’s 219-27 vi Subject Index Scandinavia, CIM systems 308-20 TRIO 102 SEAKE Centre 270 Security of data 136 Ultra-automaticity 228-32 SIACOR 6, 13 Understanding 64-6 Skill United Kingdom, CAD 296-307 impact of CAD 298-9 United States impact of expert systems 24 design integration of organizational and Skill acquisition, Dreyfus model of 123-4 process change in manufacturing 321-38 Skill-based design 342-51 engineering design 339-56 Skill utilization 286-90 production environment 351-2 Social mediation 278 technology changes 351-2 Sociotechnical systems (STS) consultants 323 technology design 339-56 State transition networks 310 Unmanned factory 310-11 Success, measures of 248 User-centred approach Synthetic methods 232-5 aspects of 132-7 System design, sources of variation in 290-2 versus human-centred approach 139 Systemic rationalization User participation 118-19 alternative characterizations of 281 User roles in database design 129-31 Austria 277-95 UTOPIA project 267, 313-14 changing patterns 282-90 concept of 279-82 Virtuality in problem solving 239-45 core model 279-81 example 284-5, 288-9 Wage bargainer 39, 45 indications of 285-6 WISDOM project 39 operationalization and research field 282-4 Work organization 66-9, 286-90 submodels 281-2 conventional and human-centred design traditional 284-6 297-8 sources of variation in 290-2 Task forces for pre-retirement planning 49-50 Work sheet system 534 Technology, social and political aspects 278-9 Worker participation 344-5 Technology changes, United States 351-2 Workshop oriented programming (WOP) Technology design, United States 339-56 languages 271 Text refinement, gradualness in 252 Total quality management (TQM) 328 XCON 145 !a pei