Afro-Latin America, 1800–2000 GEORGE REID ANDREWS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AFRO-LATIN AMERICA, 1800–2000 This page intentionally left blank AFRO-LATIN AMERICA, 1800–2000 GEORGE REID ANDREWS 1 2004 3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2004by Oxford University Press,Inc. Published by Oxford University Press,Inc. 198Madison Avenue,New York,New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark ofOxford University Press All rights reserved.No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise, without the prior permission ofOxford University Press. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Andrews,George Reid,1951– Afro-Latin America,1800–2000/ George Reid Andrews p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-515232-8;0-19-515233-6(pbk.) 1.Blacks—Latin America—History. 2.Racially mixed people— Latin America—History. 3.Latin America—Race relations. I.Title. F1419.N4A63 2004 980'.00496—dc21 2003056411 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States ofAmerica on acid-free paper To Freddy in L.A.,who wanted to know more This page intentionally left blank ❂ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book had its beginnings in my undergraduate course on Afro-Latin Amer- ica,History 0502,at the University of Pittsburgh.Many thanks to the students who took that class over the years,and especially to Lillian Bertram,Jack Bishop, Sheriden Booker,Alicia Hall,Sydney Lewis,Shauna Morimoto,and Ory Okolloh, who helped show me the way. Having decided to write the book,I needed money to carry out the research.I gratefully acknowledge generous financial support from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation,the National Endowment for the Humanities,and,at the University ofPittsburgh,the Faculty ofArts and Sciences,the University Cen- ter for International Studies,and the Center for Latin American Studies. Having obtained money,I traveled to many libraries.My sincere thanks to the staffs at the national libraries ofCosta Rica,Panama,Uruguay,and Venezuela;the libraries at Tulane University,the Universidad Central de Venezuela,the Univer- sidad de Costa Rica,the Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá),the Universidad de Panamá,the Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais at the Universidade Federal da Bahia,and the Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica;the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (New York); the Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango (Bo- gotá);the Museo Afro-Antillano (Panama);and Mundo Afro (Montevideo).My largest debt is to Eduardo Lozano,founder and tireless maintainer ofthe remark- able Lozano Collection at the University ofPittsburgh’s Hillman Library. I was greatly assisted in my work by three enterprising and technologically savvy research assistants:Lena Andrews,James DeWeese,and Jorge Nállim. Having carried out the research,I called on other scholars to help me put it to- gether and understand what it all meant.Jaime Arocha,Avi Chomsky,Ana Frega, Dale Graden,Keila Grinberg,Aline Helg,Franklin Knight,Marixa Lasso,the late Robert Levine,Gary Long,Peggy Lovell,Randy Matory,Jeffrey Needell,Lara Put- nam,Berta Pérez,João Reis,Doris Sommer,Ed Telles,Robert Farris Thompson, viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Richard Turits,Ted Vincent,Peter Wade,and Doug Yarrington answered ques- tions and generously shared their work with me.Alejandro de la Fuente helped orient me in the field ofCuban history,pushed me hard on key points,and gave me the gift of a close,careful,and comradely reading of the manuscript.James Sanders and Rebecca Scott offered equally close and constructive readings,as did two anonymous readers for Oxford University Press. Susan Ferber encouraged this project from early on and improved it tremen- dously with her sharp editorial eye.I am grateful on both counts. Throughout my years ofstudying this subject I have been energized and in- spired by the activists and organizers that I have been privileged to meet.My re- spect and admiration to the following:in Argentina,Carmen Platero;in Brazil, Nelson Arruda,Benedita da Silva,Ivair Augusto Alves dos Santos,Carlos Antônio Medeiros,Dulce Pereira,Hélio Santos,Maria de Lourdes Siqueira,Maria Apare- cida Silva Bento Teixeira,and the late Hamilton Cardoso;in Colombia,Alexander Cifuentes;in Costa Rica,Mitzi Barley and Quince Duncan;and in Uruguay,Mar- garita Méndez, Tomás Olivera, Beatriz Ramírez, Amanda Rorra, Romero Ro- dríguez,and,sorely missed,the late Ruben Galloza. I have the great good fortune to work with lively and good-hearted colleagues. Warm thanks for their friendship and support to Bill Chase,Seymour Drescher, Janelle Greenberg,Maurine Weiner Greenwald,Van Beck Hall,Marcus Rediker, Rob Ruck,Hal Sims,Bruce Venarde,and the late,lamented Michael Jiménez. My beloved children,Lena,Jesse,and Eve,walked with me every step of the way,helping to keep it real.Let me hear your Spartan spirit! Words cannot express my debt to Roye Werner—cunning researcher,brilliant reader and writer,gifted analyst ofpeople and their behavior,and,despite all that, an indefatigable optimist.Life with her is a blessing. Finally,dear reader,none ofthis would have any point at all were it not for you. Welcome,please read on,and thank you so much for coming. ❂ CONTENTS Maps,xi Introduction,3 Chapter 1 1800,11 Chapter 2 “An Exterminating Bolt ofLightning”: The Wars for Freedom,1810–1890,53 Chapter 3 “Our New Citizens,the Blacks”: The Politics ofFreedom,1810–1890,85 Chapter 4 “A Transfusion ofNew Blood”:Whitening,1880–1930,117 Chapter 5 Browning and Blackening,1930–2000,153 Chapter 6 Into the Twenty-First Century:2000and Beyond,191 Appendix:Population Counts,1800–2000,203 Glossary,209 Notes,213 Selected Bibliography,247 Index,275