GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA- VII Africa under Colonial Domination 1880-1935 U N E S C O General History of Africa Volume I Methodology and African Prehistory (Editor J. Ki-Zerbo) Volume II Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G . Mokhtar) Volume III Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (Editor M . El Fasi) (Assistant Editor I. Hrbek) Volume IV Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (Editor D . T . Niane) Volume V Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Editor B . A . Ogot) Volume VI Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s (Editor J. F. A . Ajayi) Volume VII Africa under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935 (Editor A . A . Boahen) Volume VIII Africa since 1935 (Editor A . A . Mazrui) (Assistant Editor C . Wondji) U N E S C O International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a Ceneral History of Africa GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA VII Africa under Colonial Domination 1880-1935 EDITOR A. ADUBOAHEN HEINEMANN- CALIFORNIA- UNESCO First published 1985 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris and Heinemann Educational Books Ltd 22 Bedford Square, London W C i B 3 H H P . M . B . 5205, Ibadan P . O . Box 45314, Nairobi EDINBURGH M E L B O U R N E A U C K L A N D H O N G K O N G SINGAPORE KUALA L U M P U R N E W DELHI KINGSTON P O R T OF SPAIN First published 1985 in the United States of America by the University of California Press 2120 Berkeley W a y , Berkeley California 94720, United States of America Reprinted in 2000 by U N E S C O Publishing 1 rue Miollis, 75732 PABJS Cedex 15, France © UN E S C O 1985 Heinemann Educational Books ISBN o 435 94813 X UNESCO ISBN 92-3-101-713-6 University of California Press ISBN 0-520-03918-1 LCN 78-57321 Filmset in 1 ipt Monophoto Ehrhardt by Northumberland Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear Contents List of figures ix List of plates xi List of tables xv Acknowledgements for plates xvi Preface xix A M A D O U - M A H T A R M ' B O W , Director-General of Unesco Description of the Project xxv B . A . O G O T , Former President of the International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa Note on chronology xxix i Africa and the colonial chalenge i A. A D U B O A H E N 2 European partition and conquest of Africa: an overview 19 G. N . U Z O I G W E 3 African initiatives and resistance in the face of partition and con- quest 45 T. O. R A N G E R 4 African initiatives and resistance in North-East Africa 63 H . A . I B R A H I M based on a contribution by the late Abbas I. Ali 5 African initiatives and resistance in North Africa and the Sahara 87 A. LAROUI 6 African initiatives and resistance in West Africa, 1880-1914 114 M'BAYE G U E Y E and A. A D U BO A H E N 7 African initiatives and resistance in East Africa, 1880-1914 149 H. A. M W A N Z I 8 African initiatives and resistance in Central Africa, 1880-1914 169 A. ISAACMAN and J. VANSINA 9 African initiatives and resistance in Southern Africa 194 D. CHANAIWA 10 Madagascar, 1880S-1930S: African initiatives and reaction to colonial conquest and domination 221 M . ESOAVELOMANDROSO v Contents ii Liberia and Ethiopia, 1880-1914: the survival of two African states 249 M . B . A K P A N based on contributionsf rom A. B.Jones andR. Pankhurst 12 T he First World W a r and its consequences 283 M . C R O W D E R 13 Methods and institutions of European domination 312 R . F . B E T T S revised by M. Asiwaju 14 T h e colonial economy 332 W . R O D N E Y 15 T he colonial economy of the former French, Belgian and Portuguese zones, 1914-35 351 C. COQUERY-VIDROVITCH 16 T h e colonial economy: the former British zones 382 M . H . Y. KANIKI 17 The colonial economy: North Africa 420 Part I A . K A S S A B Part II A . A . A B D U S S A L A M and F. S. A B U S E D R A 18 T h e social repercussions of colonial rule: demographic aspects 458 J. C. C A L D W E L L 19 T h e social repercussions of colonial rule: the new social structures 487 A. E. AFIGBO 20 Religion in Africa during the colonial era 508 K . ASARE O P O K U 21 T h e arts in Africa during the period of colonial rule 539 W O L E SOYINKA 22 African politics and nationalism, 1919-35 565 B. O . OLORUNTIMEHIN 23 Politics and nationalism in North-East Africa, 1919-35 580 H . A. IBRAHIM 24 Politics and nationalism in the Maghrib and the Sahara, 1919—35 603 J. BERQUE 25 Politics and nationalism in West Africa, 1919-35 624 A. A D U B O A H E N 26 Politics and nationalism in East Africa, 1919-35 648 E. S. ATIENO-ODHIAMBO Contents 27 Politics and nationalism in Central and Southern Africa, 1919-35 673 A. B. DAVIDSON, A. ISAACMAN and R. PELISSIER 28 Ethiopia and Liberia, 1914-35: two independent African states in the colonial era 712 M . B . A K P A N based on contributions from A. B. Jones and R. Pankhurst 29 Africa and the N e w World 746 R . D . R A L S T O N with sections on Latin America and the Caribbean by Albuquerque Mourâo 30 Colonialism in Africa: its impact and significance 782 A. A D U BOAHEN Members of the International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa 810 Biographies of Authors 812 Bibliography 815 Index 845 N . B . Y . K W A R T E N G worked as editorial assistant to the volume editor. vii List of figures i.i Africa on the eve of partition showing extent of conquest by 1880 2 2.1 Africa in 1914 43 4.1 Politics and nationalism in North-East Africa 64 5.1 T h e major regions of the Maghrib and the Sahara 88 5.2 T h e European campaigns in the Maghrib gi 5.3 Otoman Tripolitania, Sirtica and Cyrenaica 95 6.1 States and peoples of West Africa at the outset of European partition /15 6.2 T h e European advance into West Africa, c. 1880-1919 116 7.1 People and polities of East Africa, showing areas of the Majï Majï rebelion 151 8.1 Peoples and polities of Central Africa, c. 1900 ijo 9.1 Peoples and polities of Southern Africa, showing the Nguni migrations and the area of the Chimurenga igs 10.1 Madagascar around 1900 222 10.2 Major zones of the Menalamba rebelions 235 10.3 Resistance, insurrection and nationalism in Madagascar, 1896-1935 244 1 I.I Libera: territory annexed by the Americo-Liberians, 1822^74 251 11.2 T h e expansion of Ethiopian territory under Emperor Menelik II 255 11.3 British and French encroachments on territory claimed by Liberia, 1882- 1914 262 11.4 Ethiopia and the Scramble for Africa 266 12.1 Campaigns fought in Africa during the First World W a r 286-8 12.2 T h e changed m a p of Africa after the First World W a r 310 15.1 T h e resources of the French, Belgian and Portuguese colonies 352 15.2 Colonial foreign trade of former French, Belgian and Portuguese zones 355 15.3 Approximate evaluation of African monetary possibilities in French Guinea, 1928-38 368 16.1 East Africa: economic development in the former British zones, agricultural products 385 16.2 West Africa: economic development in the former British zones 38g 16.3 East Africa: economic development in the former British zones, minerals 400 16.4 T h e growth of the railway network of South Africa, 1900-53 415 17.1 North-West Africa: economic development in the colonial period 421 17.2 European grape-wine plantations in Algeria, c. 1930 423 17.3 T h e extent of agricultural colonization in Tunisia in 1921 424 17.4 T h e Moroccan balance of trade deficit, 1912-38 432 17.5 Global Algerian trade, 1915-38 432 17.6 Trade with France as a percentage of global Algerian trade, 1920-38 433 17.7 Production and export of Tunisian olive oil, 1931-9 435 17.8 Libya, Egypt and Sudan: economic development in the colonial period 442 24.1 Politics and nationalism in the Maghrib and the Sahara, 1919-35 604 ix List of figures 25.1 Politics and nationalism in West Africa, 1919-35 625 26.1 Politics and nationalism in East Africa, 1919-35 64g 27.1 Politics and nationalism in South Africa, 1919-35 681 27.2 Politics and nationalism in Central Africa, 1919-35 684 28.1 Position of roads in Libera, 1925 727 28.2 T h e Italian Fascist invasion of Ethiopia: the northern campaign (main m a p ) ; the invasion as a whole (inset) 741 29.1 Afro-Brazilians in West Africa in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 753 x