Advances in TISSUE ENGINEERING P552tp.indd 1 7/24/08 4:16:11 PM TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Advances in TISSUE ENGINEERING Editor Julia Polak Imperial College, London, UK Co-editors Sakis Mantalaris Sian E. Harding Imperial College, London, UK Imperial College Press ICP P552tp.indd 2 7/24/08 4:16:12 PM Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ADVANCES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING Copyright © 2008 by Imperial College Press All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN-13978-1-84816-182-5 ISBN-101-84816-182-4 Typeset by Stallion Press Email: [email protected] Printed in Singapore. JQuek - Advs in tissue engg.pmd 1 9/19/2008, 6:41 PM b619_FM.qxd 7/9/2008 1:36 PM Page v Contents Contributors xix Foreword xxxv Introduction xxxvii Part I: Tissue Engineering: Past, Present, and Future 1 Chapter1: An Introduction 3 Robert M. Nerem 1. Introduction 3 2. The Early Years 4 3. The 1990s 6 4. 2000 to Present 6 5. What About the Future? 8 6. Concluding Discussion 10 Part II: Cells forTissue Engineering 13 Chapter2: ABrief Introduction to Different Cell Types 15 Lee Buttery and Kevin M. Shakesheff 1. Introduction 16 2. Cells and Tissue Engineering 16 3. Mature or Primary Cells 18 4. Stem Cells 19 5. Sources of Stem Cells 21 6. Immortalised Cell Lines 29 7. Reprogramming 29 8. Differentiation of Cells 30 9. Regulatory Issues 32 Chapter3: Human Embryonic Stem Cells: International Policy 43 and Regulation Megan Allyse and Stephen Minger v b619_FM.qxd 7/9/2008 1:36 PM Page vi Contents 1. Introduction 44 2. Controversy 45 3. International Guidelines 47 4. National Policy Systems 49 5. Conclusion 59 Chapter4: Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Derivation and Culture 63 Emma L. Stephenson, Peter R. Braude and Chris Mason 1. Introduction 64 2. The Emergence of Human Embryonic Stem 64 Cell Research 3. Human Embryonic Stem Cells 67 4. Culture of hESC lines 71 5. Reporting of Derivation 76 6. Concluding Remarks 77 Chapter5: Stem Cells Differentiation 83 Pascale V. Guillot and Wei Cui 1. Introduction 83 2. Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells 84 3. Somatic Stem Cells 86 4. Conclusion 89 Chapter6: Marrow Stem Cells 95 Donald G. Phinney 1. Introduction 96 2. Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Discovery, 97 Phenotype, and Function 3. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Discovery, 100 Phenotype, and Function 4. Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Discovery, 103 Phenotype, and Function 103 5. ACommon Origin for Bone Marrow Stem Cells 105 6. Functional Interdependency of Bone Marrow 108 Stem Cells 7. Summary 109 vi b619_FM.qxd 7/9/2008 1:36 PM Page vii Contents Chapter7: Cord Blood Stem Cells — Potentials and Realities 123 Colin P. McGuckin and Nicolas Forraz 1. Introduction to the Concept of Umbilical 124 Cord Blood Stem Cells 2. Cord Blood Current Clinical Uses 126 3. Cord Blood Processing and Cryopreservation 129 4. Cord Blood Banking 132 5. Cord Blood Research and Where the Future Lies 134 Chapter8: Fat Stem Cells 143 Jeffrey M. Gimble, Bruce A. Bunnell and Farshid Guilak 1. Introduction 144 2. Types of Adipose Tissue 144 3. Isolation Procedures 145 4. Immunophenotype and Cytokine Profile 146 of ASCs 5. Immunogenicity of ASCs 147 6. Differentiation Potential 149 7. Mechanisms of Potential Utility: Genetic 158 Engineering and Gene Delivery 8. Conclusions and Future Directions 158 Chapter9: Control of Adult Stem Cell Function in 175 Bioengineered Artificial Niches Matthias P. Lutolf and Helen M. Blau 1. Introduction 176 2. Adult Stem Cells Reside in Niches 177 3. Common Structures and Components of 177 Stem Cell Niches 4. Key Functions of Stem Cell Niches 180 5. Niches Control the Fate of Individual Stem 181 Cells 6. The HSC Niche 183 7. Prospects for Using Engineered Artificial 185 Niches as Novel Model Systems to Probe and Manipulate Adult Stem Cell Fate vii b619_FM.qxd 7/9/2008 1:36 PM Page viii Contents Chapter10: Stem Cell Immunology 199 Anthony P. Hollander and David C. Wraith 1. Why is Stem Cell Immunology Important 200 for Tissue Engineering? 2. Evolutionary Context of the Mammalian 201 Immune System 3. Materno-Foetal Tolerance as a Model for 204 Understanding Stem Cell Immune Privilege 4. Are Embryonic Stem Cells Immune 206 Privileged? 5. Are Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 209 Immune Privileged? 6. Finding a Way Forward for the Use of 210 Allogeneic Stem Cells Chapter11: Development of a Design of Experiment 215 Methodology: Applications to the Design and Analysis of Experiments Mayasari Lim and Athanasios Mantalaris 1. Analysis of Factors 216 2. Design Strategy 219 3. DOE Designs 220 4. ADOE Example: Investigating the Influence of 223 Cytokines on Erythropoiesis 5. Conclusions 226 Chapter12: Banking Stem Cell Lines for Future Therapies 229 Glyn N. Stacey and Charles J. Hunt 1. Introduction 230 2. The Rationale for Centralised Banks of Human 232 Cell Lines for Clinical Use 3. Fundamental Issues for in Vitro Cell Culture 233 4. Cell Culture Processes 234 5. Quality Assurance and Quality Control 242 6. International Perspectives 246 7. Future Developments and Expectations 247 viii b619_FM.qxd 7/9/2008 1:36 PM Page ix Contents Part III: Materials 253 Chapter13: Synthetic Biomaterials as Cell-Responsive Artificial 255 Extracellular Matrices Matthias P. Lutolf and Jeffrey A. Hubbell 1. Introduction 256 2. ECMs Instruct Cell Fates and Respond to 257 Cell-Secreted Signals 3. Design Principles for Cell-Responsive 259 Artificial ECMs 4. Implementation: Classes and Applications of 263 Cell-Responsive Artificial ECMs 5. Future Challenges 271 Chapter14: Bioactive Composite Materials for Bone Tissue 279 Engineering Scaffolds Sophie Verrier and Aldo R. Boccaccini 1. Introduction 280 2. Scaffolds Requirements 281 3. Composite Materials Approach for Tissue 283 Engineering Scaffolds 4. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation 288 5. Discussion 302 6. Conclusions and Future Work 303 Chapter15: Aggregation of Cells Using Biomaterials 313 and Bioreactors Zahia Bayoussef and Kevin M. Shakesheff 1. Introduction 314 2. Cell Adhesion and Natural Cell Aggregation 314 3. Methods of Cell Aggregation 315 4. Synthetic Cell Aggregation 316 5. Cell Aggregation on Scaffolds 323 6. Bioreactors and Cell Aggregation 325 7. Summary and Conclusion 327 Chapter16: Nanotechnology for Tissue Engineering 333 Jean S. Stephens-Altus and Jennifer L. West ix