Sudha Goel Editor Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Sudha Goel Editor Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Editor SudhaGoel DepartmentofCivilEngineering IndianInstituteofTechnology Kharagpur,WB,India Co-published by Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, with Capital PublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 233 Spring Street, NewYork10013,USA. In allother countries, except SAARC countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,India, Maldives,Nepal,PakistanandSriLanka—soldanddistributedbySpringer,Tiergartenstr.15, 69121Heidelberg,Germany. InSAARCcountries—Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Maldives,Nepal,Pakistan and Sri Lanka—printed book sold and distributed by Capital Publishing Company, 7/28, MahaveerStreet,AnsariRoad,Daryaganj,NewDelhi110002,India. ISBN978-3-319-57074-7 ISBN978-3-319-57076-1 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-57076-1 JointlypublishedwithCapitalPublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017940476 ©CapitalPublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Thefieldofsolidandhazardouswastemanagementhasbeengrowingexponentially since the 1990s in India and several other countries. This growth has been fairly all-inclusive.Commercial,academic,legal,andadministrativeinterestshaveresulted inincreasedspendingonprojectsrelatedtothisfield.Alongwithmoreactivity,the field has grown in terms of its scope, and today, it includes more topics than were envisioned in the 1990s. Case studies, reviews, and examples pertaining to such topicsinsolidandhazardouswastemanagementhavebeencompiledforthisbook. The circular economy and the economics of solid waste management are two majorchaptersinthisbook.Thebookalsoincludescharacterization,treatment,and managementofdifferenttypesofsolidwaste:municipal,institutional,biomedical, e-waste, plastics, and fly ash. Sampling and statistical methods for characterizing waste are dealt with in another major chapter in this book. The fate and transport of contaminants leaching from fly ash were modeled using software like WiscLEACH, while the potential for groundwater contamination was modeled usingDRASTIC,andareincludedinthisbook. Composting is the best method for recycling the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste. The book provides an overview of the fundamentals of microbiology that are necessary for designing and operating biological processes like composting. Several chaptersinclude remotesensing and GIS applicationsin solid waste management and methods for effectively assimilating these data for various environmental applications. Finally, this volume includes environmental regulationspertainingtosolidandhazardouswastemanagementthatwouldbenefit students,policymakers,andpractitioners. Therearemanyotherissuespertainingtothisvastandgrowingareaofengineering research, development, and management that remain to be addressed. I leave that to otherexpertsandstudentsinthisfield. Kharagpur,WB,India SudhaGoel v Acknowledgements The idea of an edited volume on Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Man- agementbeganwithtwoshort-termcoursesthatwereconductedin2007and2010 inIITKharagpur,sponsoredbyAllIndiaCouncilofTechnicalEducation(AICTE) undertheQualityImprovementProgram(QIP).Theeditorwouldliketoacknowl- edge their financial support and the whole-hearted administrative support of the Civil Engineering Department and Department of Geology and Geophysics. Pro- fessorDebashishSenguptaoftheDepartmentofGeologyandGeophysicshasbeen a major motivator and collaborator in both courses and his contributions are gratefullyacknowledgedhere. Finally, many thanks to staff, students and teachers (past and present), col- leagues, friends and family, who have all contributed in small and big ways to thiseffort. vii Contents 1 SolidandHazardousWasteManagement:AnIntroduction. . . . . . 1 SudhaGoel 2 MovingTowardsaCircularEconomyinSolidWaste Management:ConceptsandPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 MariaIsabelDumlao-TanandAnthonyHalog 3 InstitutionalWasteManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 SanjeevKumar,AnjaniDeviChintagunta,KnawangChhunjiSherpa, andRintuBanerjee 4 ScientificApproachforMunicipalSolidWasteCharacterization. . . . 65 DirkWeichgrebe,ChristopherSpeier,andMoniMohanMondal 5 CharacterizationofMunicipalSolidWaste(MSW): GlobalTrends. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 101 PrashanthKandakatla,VedPrakashRanjan,andSudhaGoel 6 ApplicationsofRemoteSensingandGeographicalInformation System(GIS)inAssimilationofEnvironmentalData. . . . . . . . . . . 111 DebasisDeb 7 ApplicationsofRemoteSensingandGISinSolidWaste Management–AReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 DeblinaDuttaandSudhaGoel 8 EnvironmentalImpactsofPondAshDumpingatKolaghat ThermalPowerPlant(KTTP)–Physico-chemical CharacterizationofPondAsh............................... 153 PrasenjitGhoshandSudhaGoel 9 LeachingBehaviourofPondAsh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 PrasenjitGhoshandSudhaGoel ix x Contents 10 WQI,DRASTICandContaminantTransportModelling UsingWiscLEACH2.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 PrasenjitGhoshandSudhaGoel 11 DegradationofPlastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 BijleeNithinandSudhaGoel 12 ElectronicWaste(E-Waste)GenerationandManagement. . . . . . . 249 DeblinaDuttaandSudhaGoel 13 SurveyofMunicipalSolidWaste(MSW)TreatmentMethods andCompostSamples.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . 267 B.R.HiremathandSudhaGoel 14 DevelopmentandApplicationofaMulti-CriteriaDecision Making(MCDM)ToolforSolidWasteManagement: KolkataasaCaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 TumpaHazra,BhargabMaitra,andSudhaGoel 15 FundamentalsofMicrobiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 TandraMohanta,DeblinaDutta,andSudhaGoel AppendixA................................................ 323 AppendixB................................................ 325 AppendixC................................................ 359 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Chapter 1 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management: An Introduction SudhaGoel 1 Introduction Solidwastemanagementisnowacknowledgedasoneofthemajorenvironmental issues of our times. It remains a challenge for developed countries and is an exponentially growing problem for developing countries. The last four decades are marked by several incidents highlighting problems with solid and hazardous wastemanagementacrosstheworld. 1. Trans-boundary shipments of hazardous and solid waste have received world- wide attention and media headlines. Infamous examples include Khian Sea which started its journey from Philadelphia in 1986 and Mobro which started its journey from New York in 1987; two US barges or ships with cargoes of municipalsolidwastethatwentfromonecountrytoanotherlookingforaportto dumptheirwastes.TheMobrowentallthewaytoBelizeandbroughtitscargo back to Brooklyn, New York for incineration and landfilling.1 Many speculate thatKhianSeadumpeditscargosomewhereintheIndianOceanin1988.2 2. Mostrecently,afirestartedon27January2016inIndia’soldestandlargestopen dumpingsite,DeonarinMumbai,andwasvisibleinsatelliteimages(shownin Fig.1.1).Itcontinuedforseveraldaysleadingtocomplaintsofairpollutionand closure ofschools for2days.Themassivefire wasattributed tothebuildupof methanegasintheopendumpwherethewastehadreachedheightsofmorethan 1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobro_4000 2http://www.neatorama.com/2007/08/15/worlds-most-unwanted-garbage-cargo-of-the-khian-sea/ S.Goel(*) CivilEngineeringDepartment,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur, Kharagpur721302,WB,India e-mail:[email protected] ©CapitalPublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India2017 1 S.Goel(ed.),AdvancesinSolidandHazardousWasteManagement, DOI10.1007/978-3-319-57076-1_1 2 S.Goel Fig.1.1 PlumefromamassivefireinasolidwastedumpinDeonar,Mumbaion27Jan2016 (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/) 30m.Firesinthisdumpingsitehavebeenrecurrentmakinglivingconditionsin thesurroundingareasextremelydifficult. 3. Manysourceshaveidentifiedpoorsolidwastemanagementasoneofthemajor contributingfactorstothespreadofplagueinSurat,Indiain1994.Incidentslike these led to promulgation of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling)RulesinIndiain2000. 4. Severalindustrialsitesallaroundtheworldremainunusableoratoxicnuisance for their neighbours due to improper handling and management of hazardous wasteson-site.OneoftheearliestandmostcitedexamplesintheUSAincludes LoveCanal,NiagaraFalls,NewYork,wheretoxicwastewasdumpedthrough the1920sandgotnationalattentiononlyin1976–1978.TheSuperfundprogram (under the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act, RCRA for ensuring proper disposal of solid and hazardous waste) was initiated in 1980 in the USA and was the government’s response for remediating and rehabilitating suchcontaminatedindustrialsites. 1.1 What Is Solid Waste? Wasteisdefinedasanymaterialthatisdiscardedbythepossessororgeneratordue toitslackofvaluetothem.Therefore,solidwasteisdefinedasanywastematerial thatisneitherinliquidnorgaseousstate.Further,containerizedliquidandgaseous