Advances in PARASITOLOGY The Evolution of Parasitism — a Phylogenetic Perspective VOLUME 54 Editorial Board M. Coluzzi, Director, Istituto de Parassitologia, Universita` Degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy C. Combes, Laboratoire de Biologie Animale, Universite´ de Perpignan, Centre de Biologie et d’Ecologie Tropicale et Me´ diterrane´ enne, Avenue de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France D.D. Despommier, Division of Tropical Medicine and Environmental Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA J.J. Shaw, Instituto de Cieˆ ncias Biome´ dicas, Universidade de Sa˜ o Paulo, av. Prof Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-900 Cidade Universita´ ria, Sa˜ o Paulo, SP, Brazil K. Tanabe, Laboratory of Biology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-Ku, Osaka 535, Japan P. Wenk, Falkenweg 69, D-72076 Tu¨ bingen, Germany Advances in PARASITOLOGY The Evolution of Parasitism — a Phylogenetic Perspective Series editors J.R. BAKER, R. MULLER and D. ROLLINSON Guest Editor D.T.J. LITTLEWOOD The Natural History Museum, London, England VOLUME 54 Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo ELSEVIER B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam The Netherlands ELSEVIER Inc. 525 B Street, Suite 1900 San Diego, CA 92101-4495 USA ELSEVIER Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB UK ELSEVIER Ltd 84 Theobalds Road London WC1X 8RR UK � 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Ltd., and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: