Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies Ceramic Transactions, Volume 236 Edited by Tatsuki Ohji Mrityunjay Singh Elizabeth Hoffman Matthew Seabaugh Z. Gary Yang A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright © 2012 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN: 978-1-118-27342-5 ISSN: 1042-1122 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 Contents Preface ix GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING Mesoporous Materials For Sorption of Actinides 3 Allen W. Apblett and Zeid Al-Othman Environmentally Friendly Tin Oxide Coating through Aqueous 13 Solution Process Yoshitake Masuda, Tatsuki Ohji, and Kazumi Kato Investigation of the Morphological Change into the Fabrication of 25 ZnO Microtubes and Microrods by a Simple Liquid Process using Zn Layered Hydroxide Precursor Seiji Yamashita, M. Fuji, C. Takai, and T. Shirai Fabrication of Solid Electrolyte Dendrites through Novel Smart 33 Processing Soshu Kirihara, Satoko Tasaki, Hiroya Abe, Katsuya Noritake, and Naoki Komori Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Extruded a-p 41 Duplex Phase Brass Cu-40Zn-Ti Alloy H. Atsumi, H. Imai, S. Li, K. Kondoh, Y. Kousaka, and A. Kojima The Characteristics of High Strength and Lead-Free Machinable 47 a-p Duplex Phase Brass Cu-40Zn-Cr-Fe-Sn-Bi Alloy H. Atsumi, H. Imai, S. Li, K. Kondoh, Y. Kousaka, and A. Kojima v Preparation of Biomass Char for Ironmaking and Its Reactivity 55 Hu Zhengwen, Zhang Jianliang, Zhang Xu, Fan Zhengyun, and Li Jing Intelligent Energy Saving System in Hot Strip Mill 65 H. Imanari, K. Ohara, K. Kitagoh, Y. Sakiyama, and F. Williams Hot Gas Cleaning with Gas-Solid Reactions and Related Materials 77 for Advanced Clean Power Generation from Coal Hiromi Shirai and Hisao Makino Polyalkylene Carbonate Polymers—A Sustainable Material Alternative 89 to Traditional Petrochemical Based Plastics P. Ferraro MATERIALS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP Characterizing the Defect Population Introduced by Radiation 99 Damage* Paul S. Follansbee Radiation Shielding Simulation for Wollastonite-Based Chemically 113 Bonded Phosphate Ceramics J. Pleitt, H. A. Colorado, and C. H. Castano Empirical Model for Formulation of Crystal-Tolerant HLW Glasses 121 J. Matyas, A. Huckleberry, C. A. Rodriguez, J. D. Vienna, and A. A. Kruger ENERGY CONVERSION/FUEL CELLS Novel SOFC Processing Techniques Employing Printed Materials 129 P. Khatri-Chhetri, A. Datar, and D. Cormier Manganese Cobalt Spinel Oxide Based Coatings for SOFC 141 Interconnects Jeffrey W. Fergus, Yingjia Liu, and Yu Zhao C0 Conversion into C/CO Using ODF Electrodes with SOEC 147 2 Bruce Kang, Huang Guo, and Gulfam Iqbal Heterofoam: New Concepts and Tools for Heterogeneous Functional 155 Material Design K. L. Reifsnider, F. Rabbi, R. Raihan, Q. Liu, P. Majumdar, Y. Du, and J. M. Adkins Study on Heteropolyacids/Ti/Zr Mixed Inorganic Composites for Fuel 165 Cell Electrolytes Uma Thanganathan 'Paper presented at the MS&T2010 meeting in the Materials Solutions for the Nuclear Renais- sance symposium. vi ■ Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies ENERGY STORAGE: MATERIALS, SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS Fatigue Testing of Hydrogen-Exposed Austenitic Stainless Steel in 175 an Undergraduate Materials Laboratory Patrick Ferro, John Wallace, Adam Nekimken, Travis Dreyfoos, Tyler Spilker, and Elliot Marshall LiMnFe-,_ P0 Glass and Glass-Ceramics for Lithium Ion Battery 187 x x 4 Tsuyoshi Honma and Takayuki Komatsu The Absorption of Hydrogen on Low Pressure Hydride Materials 197 Gregg A. Morgan, Jr. and Paul S. Korinko Polymethylated Phenanthrenes as a Liquid Media for Hydrogen 209 Storage Mikhail Redko Author Index 221 Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies • vii Preface The Materials Science and Technology 2011 Conference and Exhibition (MS&T'l 1) was held October 16-20, 2011, in Columbus, Ohio. A major theme of the conference was Environmental and Energy Issues. Papers from four of the sym- posia held under that theme are included in this volume. These symposia include Energy Conversion/Fuel Cells; Energy Storage: Materials, Systems and Applica- tions; Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing III; and Ma- terials for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Cleanup. These symposia in- cluded a variety of presentations with sessions focused on Fuel Cells & Electrochemistry, Energy Storage, Green Manufacturing and Materials Processing; Waste Minimization; and Immobilization of Nuclear Wastes The success of these symposia and the publication of the proceedings could not have been possible without the support of The American Ceramic Society and the other organizers of the program. The program organizers for the above symposia is appreciated. Their assistance, along with that of the session chairs, was invaluable in ensuring the creation of this volume. TATSUKI OHJI, AIST, JAPAN MRITYUNJAY SINGH, NASA Glenn Research Center, USA ELIZABETH HOFFMAN, Savannah River National Laboratory, USA MATTHEW SEABAUGH, NexTech Materials, USA Z. GARY YANG, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA IX Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies Edited by Tatsuki Ohji, Mrityunjay Singh, Elizabeth Hoffman, Matthew Seabaugh and Z. Gary Yang Copyright © 2012 The American Ceramic Society Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies Edited by Tatsuki Ohji, Mrityunjay Singh, Elizabeth Hoffman, Matthew Seabaugh and Z. Gary Yang Copyright © 2012 The American Ceramic Society MESOPOROUS MATERIALS FOR SORPTION OF ACTINIDES Allen W. Apblett Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA 74078 Zeid Al-Othman Department of Chemistry, King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT The efficient absorption and separation of actinides is of critical importance to numerous aspects of the nuclear industry. For example, uranium extraction from ores and reprocessing of used fuel rods can be significantly simplified and generate less waste by the use of solid actinide extractants. Also, the environmental impact form uranium mining, milling, and extraction activities, the use of spent uranium penetrators, and the legacy of nuclear weapon production can be ameliorated by the use of a highly-efficient adsorbant. Such an adsorbant can also be used to remove uranium from drinking water or ocean water leading to a potentially large increase in uranium reserves. We have developed a mesoporous silica that has significantly enhanced wall- thicknesses and pore sizes that provide improved thermal and hydrothermal stabilities and absorption kinetics and capacities. Grafting of ethylenediamine groups onto the surface using N- [3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine produces extractants that can be used to remove actinides from water. INTRODUCTION Uranium is a common contaminant of ground water and can arise from natural and anthropogenic sources. Uranium occurs naturally in the earth's crust and in surface and ground water. When bedrock consisting mainly of uranium-rich granitoids and granites comes in contact with soft, slightly alkaline bicarbonate waters under oxidizing conditions, uranium will solubilize over a wide pH range. These conditions occur widely throughout the world. For example, in Finland exceptionally high uranium concentrations up to 12,000 ppb are found in wells drilled in bedrock [1]. Concentrations of uranium up to 700 ppb have been found in private wells in Canada [2] while a survey in the United States of drinking water from 978 sites found a mean concentration of 2.55 ppb [3]. However, some sites in the United States have serious contamination with uranium. For example, in the Simpsonville-Greenville area of South Carolina, high amounts of uranium (30 to 9900 ppb) were found in 31 drinking water wells [4]. The contamination with uranium is believed to be the result of veins of pegmatite that occur in the area. Besides entering drinking water from naturally occurring deposits, uranium can also contaminate the water supply as the result of human activity, such as uranium mining, mill tailings, and even agriculture [5, 6]. Phosphate fertilizers often contain uranium at an average concentration of 150 ppm and therefore are an important contributor of uranium to groundwater [7]. The Fry Canyon site in Utah is a good example of the dangers of uranium mine tailings. The uranium concentrations measured in groundwater at this site were as high as 16,300 ppb with a median concentration of 840 ppb before remedial actions were taken [8]. Depleted uranium 3 Mesoporous Materials for Sorption of Actinides ammunition used in several military conflicts has also been demonstrated as a source of drinking water contamination [9]. Animal testing and studies of occupationally exposed people have shown that the major health effect of uranium is chemical kidney toxicity, rather than radiation hazards [10]. Both functional and histological damage to the proximal tubulus of the kidney have been demonstrated [11]. Little is known about the effects of long-term environmental uranium exposure in humans but there is an association of uranium exposure with increased urinary glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and B-microglobulin excretion [12], as well as increased urinary albumin levels [13]. As a result of such studies, the World Health Organization has proposed a guideline value of 2 ppb for uranium in drinking water while the US EPA has specified a limit of 30 ppb. Current municipal treatment practices are not effective in removing uranium. However, experimentation indicates, that uranium removal can be accomplished by a variety of processes such as modification of pH or chemical treatment (often with alum) or a combination of the two [14]. Several sorbants have been shown to be useful for removal of uranium from water. Activated carbon, iron powder, magnetite, anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin were shown to be capable of adsorbing more than 90% of the uranium and radium from drinking water. However, two common household treatment devices were found not to be totally effective for uranium removal [4]. Besides treatment of well water, there is also a strong need for prevention of the spread of uranium contamination from concentrated sources such as uranium mine tailings. Commonly used aboveground water treatment processes are not cost-effective and do not provide an adequate solution to this problem. However, permeable reactive barriers have been demonstrated to be financially viable and elegant alternatives to active pump and treat remediation systems. Such barriers composed of metallic iron, ferric oxyhydroxide, and bone char phosphate have been designed and proven effective for uranium [8], Iron metal performed the best and consistently lowered the input uranium concentration by more than 99.9% after the contaminated groundwater had traveled 1.5 ft into the permeable reactive barrier. In this investigation a functionalized mesoporous silica that had pendant ethylenediamine groups was explored as an adsorbant for the separation and removal of uranium from aqueous solution. Amino-functionalized mesoporous silicas show notable adsorption capacities for heavy metals and transition metals from solution [15]. This investigation also took advantage of a novel mesoporous silica with very large pores, thick walls, and thermal and hydrolytic stability that is superior to conventional mesoporous silicas [16]. EXPERIMENTAL All reagents were commercial products (ACS Reagent grade or higher) and were used without further purification. Water was purified by reverse osmosis and was deionized before use. OSU-6-W mesoporous silica was synthesized via the procedure previously reported by Al- Othman and Apblett [16]. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a Bruker AXS D-8 Advance X-ray powder diffractometer using copper K„ radiation. The diffraction patterns were recorded for a 2\, range of 17-70° with a step size of 0.02° and a counting time of 18 seconds per step. Crystalline phases were identified using a search/match program and the PDF-2 database of the International Centre for Diffraction Data [17]. Colorimetry was performed on a Spectronic 200 digital spectrophotometer using 1 cm cylindrical cuvettes. The uranium concentrations in the 4 • Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies