Advances in CANCER RESEARCH Volume 75 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in CANCER RESEARCH Volume 75 Edited by George F. Vande Woude ABL-Basic Research Program National Cancer Institute Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center Frederick, Maryland George Klein Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1998 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923). for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or I08 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-1998 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 0065-230x198 $25.00 Academic Press a division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ International Standard Book Number: 0- 12-006675-0 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 98 99 0 0 0 1 02 0 3 E B 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Contributors to Volume 75 ix Specificity within the ets Family of Transcription Factors Barbara J. Graves and Jeannine M. Petersen I. Introduction 2 11. Sequence Conservation 3 111. Biological Specificity 13 IV. DNA Binding 21 V. Protein Partnerships 29 VI. Transcriptional Activation and Repression VII. Signal Transduction 38 VIII. Autoinhihition 42 IX. Perspectives: ets Proteins and Cancer 35 47 References 49 Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus C. Boshoff and R. A. Weiss I. Introduction 58 11. New Herpesvirus: KSHVIHHV-8 62 111. KSHV and Lymphoproliferation 68 IV. Viral Piracy of Eukaryotic Genes 70 V. Anti-‘‘Antiviral’’ Responses 72 VI. Role of KSHV in KS Pathogenesis: Direct or Indirect? 78 VII. Therapeutic Implications 79 References 80 Extracellular Matrix-Associated Transforming Growth Factor+: Role in Cancer Cell Growth and Invasion Jussi Taipale, Juha Saharinen, and Jorma Keski-Oja I. Introduction 88 11. Structure of TGF-Ps 89 vi Contents 111. Expression of TGF-Ps and Latent TGF-P Binding Proteins IV. Mechanisms of Activation of Latent TGF-P V. Signal Transduction by TGF-P VI. Control of Gene Expression by TGF-P VII. Biological Effects of TGF-P VIII. TGF-P in Oncogenesis 112 IX. Perspective 120 References 120 93 96 100 104 105 Differentiation and Cancer in the Mammary Gland: Shedding Light on an Old Dichotomy Ole W. Petersen, Lone Rannov-Jessen, Valerie M. Weaver, a n d Mina 1. Bissell I. Introduction 136 11. Markers of Breast Differentiation 111. Culture Models of Mammary Gland Differentiation IV. Conclusion 156 References 157 138 146 Inherited Carcinomas of the Kidney Berton Zbar and Michael Lerman I. Introduction 164 11. Inherited Carcinomas of the Kidney: Histology 111. Inherited Carcinomas of the Kidney: Clinical Syndromes IV. Papillary Renal Carcinoma: Pathology and Genetics V. Clear Cell Renal Carcinomas: Pathology and Genetics VI. Other Renal Carcinomas 184 VII. Genes That Predispose to Carcinomas of the Kidney VIII. Recognition of Families with Inherited Kidney Cancer IX. Toward a Genetic Classification of Renal Tumors X. Conclusions 193 164 166 169 179 187 192 192 References 194 The Labyrinthine Ways of Cancer Immunotherapy-T Cell, Tumor Cell Encounter: “How Do I Lose Thee? Let Me Count the Ways” K. A. 0. Ellern, C. W. Schmidt, C.-L. Li, I. Misko, A. Kelso, G. Sing, G. Macdonald, and M. C. E. O’Rourke 1. Introduction 204 11. Cancer as a Moving Target 111. Genomic Instability and the Mutator Phenotype IV. Induction of an Antitumor Immune Response Is Not the Major Problem V. Immune Basis for the “Second-Order Bystander Effect” 205 207 211 212 Contents vii VI. The Vanishing Target 214 VII. Defeat of the NK Cell Default 21 7 VIII. T Lymphocyte Inadequacies 220 IX. Stromal Shielding? 222 X. ThetrCTLp 223 XI. Opportunistic Expression of the FasL Weapon by Tumor Cells XII. T Cells as Officers Rather Than Troops XIII. Tumor Rejection Is a Combined Action XIV. The Blood-Tumor Barrier 231 XV. CODA-I: Proposed Solutions 235 XVI. Some Obvious Stratagems 237 XVII. CODA-2: Sample Flow Chart of an Arborizing Clinical Trial 227 228 23 1 241 References 242 CD95(APO- I/Fas)-Mediated Apoptosis in Normal and Malignant Liver, Colon, and Hematopoietic Cells Peter H. Krammer, Peter R. Calle, Peter Moller, and Klaus-Michael Debatin I. The CD9S System 252 11. CD95 in Liver Disease 256 111. CD9S in the Colon 258 IV. CD9S and Hematopoietic Malignancies V. Conclusions 269 References 269 264 Index 275 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. Mina J. Bissell, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (135) C. Boshoff, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, Lon- don SW3 6JB, United Kingdom (57) Klaus-Michael Debatin, University Children’s Hospital, D-89075 Ulm, Ger- many (251) K. A. 0. Ellem, Queensland Cancer Fund Research Laboratories, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia (203) Peter R. Galle, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, D- 69115 Heidelberg, Germany (251) Barbara J. Graves, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132 ( 1 ) A. Kelso, Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Queensland Institute of Med- ical Research, The Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia (203) Jorma Keski-Oja, Department of Virology, The Haartman Institute, and De- partment of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Helsinki, FIN- 00014 Helsinki, Finland (87) Peter H. Krammer, Tumorimmunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (251) Michael Lerman, Laboratory of Immunobiology, NCI-Frederick Cancer Re- search and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702 (163) C.-L. Li, Leukemia Foundation of Queensland Daikyo Research Unit, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia (203) G. Macdonald, Clinical Sciences Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Royal Bris- bane Hospital Research Foundation, The Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia (203) I. Misko, Epstein-Barr Virus Unit, The Queensland Institute of Medical Re- search, The Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia (203) ix