Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3832 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen UniversityofDortmund,Germany MadhuSudan MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,MA,USA DemetriTerzopoulos NewYorkUniversity,NY,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA MosheY.Vardi RiceUniversity,Houston,TX,USA GerhardWeikum Max-PlanckInstituteofComputerScience,Saarbruecken,Germany David Zhang Anil K. Jain (Eds.) Advances in Biometrics International Conference, ICB 2006 Hong Kong, China, January 5-7, 2006 Proceedings 1 3 VolumeEditors DavidZhang TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,DepartmentofComputing HungHom,Kowloon,HongKong,China E-mail:[email protected] AnilK.Jain MichiganStateUniversity,DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering 3115EngineeringBuilding,EastLansing,MI48824-1226,USA E-mail:[email protected] LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005937781 CRSubjectClassification(1998):I.5,I.4,K.4.1,K.4.4,K.6.5,J.1 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-540-31111-4SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-31111-9SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006 PrintedinGermany Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:11608288 06/3142 543210 Preface Biometricshasemergedasareliablepersonidentificationmethodthatcanover- comesomeofthe limitationsofthetraditionalautomaticpersonalidentification methods.Withsignificantadvancesinbiometrictechnologyandacorresponding increase in the number of applications incorporating biometrics, it is essential thatwebringtogetherresearchersfromacademiaandindustryaswellaspracti- tionerstoshareideas,problemsandsolutionsforthedevelopmentandsuccessful deployment of state-of-the-art biometric systems. TheInternationalConferenceonBiometrics(ICB2006)followedthesuccess- ful InternationalConference on Biometric Authentication (ICBA 2004)to facil- itate this interaction.ICB 2006receivedalargenumberofhigh-qualityresearch papers. After a careful review of 192 submissions, 104 papers were accepted for presentation. In addition to these technical presentations, the results of the FaceAuthenticationCompetition(FAC2006)werealsoannounced.Thisconfer- ence provided a forum for practitioners to discuss their experiences in applying thestate-of-the-artbiometrictechnologiesthatwillfurtherstimulateresearchin biometrics. We are grateful to Vijayakumar Bhagavatula,Norihiro Hagita, and Behnam Bavarian for accepting our invitation to give keynote talks at ICB 2006. In ad- dition, we would like to express our gratitude to all the contributors, reviewers, Program Committee members and Organizing Committee members whose ef- forts made ICB 2006 a very successful conference. We also wish to acknowledge the International Association of Pattern Recognition (IAPR), the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Motorola, Omron, NSFC and Springer for sponsoring this conference. Special thanks are due to Josef Kittler, Tieniu Tan, Jane You, Michael Wong, Jian Yang and Zhenhua Guo for their support, advice and hard work in various aspects of conference organization. We hope that the fruitful technical interactions made possible by this con- ference benefited researchand development efforts in biometrics. October 2005 David Zhang Anil K. Jain Organization General Chairs Anil K. Jain (Michigan State University, USA) Roland Chin (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China) Program Chairs David Zhang (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China) Jim Wayman (San Jose State University, USA) Tieniu Tan (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) Joseph P. Campbell (MIT Lincoln Lab., USA) Competition Coordinators Josef Kittler (University of Surrey, UK) James Liu (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China) Exhibition Coordinators Stan Li (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) Kenneth K.M. Lam (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China) Local Arrangements Chairs Jane You (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China) Yiu Sang Moon (Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China) Tutorial Chair George Baciu (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China) Publicity Chairs Arun Ross (West Virginia University, USA) Davide Maltoni (University of Bologna, Italy) Yunhong Wang (Beihang University, China) VIII Organization Program Committee Mohamed Abdel-Mottaleb (University of Miami, USA) Simon Baker (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Samy Bengio (IDIAP, Switzerland) Bir Bhanu (University of California, USA) Prabir Bhattacharya (Concordia University, Canada) Josef Bigun (Halmstad University and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden) Horst Bunke (Institute of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Switzerland) Raffaele Cappelli (University of Bologna, Italy) Keith Chan (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China) Ke Chen (University of Manchester, UK) Xilin Chen (Harbin Institute of Technology, China) Gerard Chollet (ENST, France) Sarat Dass (Michigan State University, USA) John Daugman (Cambridge University, UK) Bernadette Dorizzi (INT, France) Patrick Flynn (Notre Dame University, USA) Sadaoki Furui (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan) Wen Gao (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) Patrick Grother (NIST, USA) Larry Heck (Nuance, USA) Javier Hernando (UPC, Spain) Lawrence A. Hornak (West Virginia University, USA) Wen Hsing Hsu (National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan) Behrooz Kamgar-Parsi(Naval Research Lab., USA) Jaihie Kim (Yonsei University, Korea) Alex Kot (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) Ajay Kumar (IIT Delhi, India) Kin Man Lam (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China) Shihong Lao (Omron Corporation,Japan) Seong-Whan Lee (Korea University, Korea) Lee Luan Ling (State University of Campinas, Brazil) Zhiqiang Liu (City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China) John S. Mason (Swansea University, UK) Tsutomu Matsumoto (Yokohama National University, Japan) Jiri Navratil (IBM, USA) Mark Nixon (University of Southampton, UK) Sharath Pankanti (IBM, USA) Jonathon Philips (NIST, USA) Ioannis Pitas (Thessaloniki University, Greece) Salil Prabhakar (DigitalPersona Inc., USA) Nalini Ratha (IBM, USA) James Reisman (Siemens Corporate Research, USA) Organization IX Douglas A. Reynolds (MIT Lincoln Lab., USA) Sudeep Sarkar (University of South Florida, USA) Stephanie Schuckers (Clarkson University, USA) Kuntal Sengupta (AuthenTec., USA) Helen Shen (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China) Pengfei Shi (Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China) Xiaoou Tang (Microsoft Research Asia, China) Pauli Tikkanen (Nokia, Finland) Massimo Tistarelli (Universit`a di Sassari, Italy) Kar-Ann Toh (Inst Infocomm Research, Singapore) Matthew Turk (University of California, Santa Barbara,USA) Pim Tuyls (Philips Research Labs., Netherlands) Kaoru Uchida (NEC Corporation, Japan) Claus Vielhauer (Magdeburg University, Germany) B.V.K. Vijaykumar (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Kuanquan Wang (Harbin Institute of Technology, China) Lawrence B. Wolff (Equinox Corporation, USA) Hong Yan (City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China) Dit-Yan Yeung (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China) Pong Chi Yuen (Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China) Changshui Zhang (Tsinghua University, China) Jie Zhou (Tsinghua University, China) Table of Contents Face Verification Contest 2006 Performance Characterisation of Face Recognition Algorithms and Their Sensitivity to Severe Illumination Changes Kieron Messer, Josef Kittler, James Short, G. Heusch, Fabien Cardinaux, Sebastien Marcel, Yann Rodriguez, Shiguang Shan, Y. Su, Wen Gao, X. Chen ....................... 1 Face Assessment of Blurring and Facial Expression Effects on Facial Image Recognition Mohamed Abdel-Mottaleb, Mohammad H. Mahoor ................. 12 Ambient Illumination Variation Removal by Active Near-IR Imaging Xuan Zou, Josef Kittler, Kieron Messer ......................... 19 Rapid 3D Face Data Acquisition Using a Color-Coded Pattern and a Stereo Camera System Byoungwoo Kim, Sunjin Yu, Sangyoun Lee, Jaihie Kim................................................... 26 Face Recognition Issues in a Border Control Environment Marijana Kosmerlj, Tom Fladsrud, Erik Hjelm˚as, Einar Snekkenes .............................................. 33 Face Recognition Using Ordinal Features ShengCai Liao, Zhen Lei, XiangXin Zhu, Zhenan Sun, Stan Z. Li, Tieniu Tan .................................................. 40 Specific Sensors for Face Recognition Walid Hizem, Emine Krichen, Yang Ni, Bernadette Dorizzi, Sonia Garcia-Salicetti ......................................... 47 Fusion of Infrared and Range Data: Multi-modal Face Images Xin Chen, Patrick J. Flynn, Kevin W. Bowyer ................... 55 Recognize Color Face Images Using Complex Eigenfaces Jian Yang, David Zhang, Yong Xu, Jing-yu Yang ................. 64 XII Table of Contents Face Verification Based on Bagging RBF Networks Yunhong Wang, Yiding Wang, Anil K. Jain, Tieniu Tan .......... 69 Improvement on Null Space LDA for Face Recognition: A Symmetry Consideration Wangmeng Zuo, Kuanquan Wang, David Zhang .................. 78 Automatic 3D Face Recognition Using Discriminant Common Vectors Cheng Zhong, Tieniu Tan, Chenghua Xu, Jiangwei Li ............. 85 Face Recognition by Inverse Fisher Discriminant Features Xiao-Sheng Zhuang, Dao-Qing Dai, P.C. Yuen ................... 92 3D Face Recognition Based on Facial Shape Indexes with Dynamic Programming Hwanjong Song, Ukil Yang, Sangyoun Lee, Kwanghoon Sohn ............................................. 99 Revealing the Secret of FaceHashing King-Hong Cheung, Adams Kong, David Zhang, Mohamed Kamel, Jane You .................................................... 106 Person Authentication from Video of Faces: A Behavioral and Physiological Approach Using Pseudo Hierarchical Hidden Markov Models Manuele Bicego, Enrico Grosso, Massimo Tistarelli ............... 113 Cascade AdaBoost Classifiers with Stage Optimization for Face Detection Zongying Ou, Xusheng Tang, Tieming Su, Pengfei Zhao ........... 121 Facial Image Reconstruction by SVDD-Based Pattern De-noising Jooyoung Park, Daesung Kang, James T. Kwok, Sang-Woong Lee, Bon-Woo Hwang, Seong-Whan Lee.............................. 129 Pose Estimation Based on Gaussian Error Models Xiujuan Chai, Shiguang Shan, Laiyun Qing, Wen Gao............. 136 A Novel PCA-Based Bayes Classifier and Face Analysis Zhong Jin, Franck Davoine, Zhen Lou, Jingyu Yang............... 144 Highly Accurate and Fast Face Recognition Using Near Infrared Images Stan Z. Li, RuFeng Chu, Meng Ao, Lun Zhang, Ran He...................................................... 151 Table of Contents XIII Background Robust Face Tracking Using Active Contour Technique Combined Active Appearance Model Jaewon Sung, Daijin Kim...................................... 159 Ensemble LDA for Face Recognition Hui Kong, Xuchun Li, Jian-Gang Wang, Chandra Kambhamettu ........................................ 166 Information Fusion for Local Gabor Features Based Frontal Face Verification Enrique Argones Ru´a, Josef Kittler, Jose Luis Alba Castro, Daniel Gonz´alez Jim´enez ...................................... 173 Using Genetic Algorithms to Find Person-Specific Gabor Feature Detectors for Face Indexing and Recognition Sreekar Krishna, John Black, Sethuraman Panchanathan .......... 182 The Application of Extended Geodesic Distance in Head Poses Estimation Bingpeng Ma, Fei Yang, Wen Gao, Baochang Zhang .............. 192 Improved ParametersEstimating Scheme for E-HMM with Application to Face Recognition Bindang Xue, Wenfang Xue, Zhiguo Jiang ....................... 199 Component-Based Active Appearance Models for Face Modelling Cuiping Zhang, Fernand S. Cohen .............................. 206 Fingerprint Incorporating Image Quality in Multi-algorithm Fingerprint Verification Julian Fierrez-Aguilar, Yi Chen, Javier Ortega-Garcia, Anil K. Jain ................................................. 213 A New Approach to Fake Finger Detection Based on Skin Distortion A. Antonelli, R. Cappelli, Dario Maio, Davide Maltoni ............ 221 Model-Based Quality Estimation of Fingerprint Images Sanghoon Lee, Chulhan Lee, Jaihie Kim ......................... 229 A Statistical Evaluation Model for Minutiae-Based Automatic Fingerprint Verification Systems J.S. Chen, Y.S. Moon ......................................... 236