Advanced Structured Materials Azman Ismail Fatin Nur Zulkipli Husna Sarirah Husin Andreas Öchsner   Editors Advancements in Materials Science and Technology Led by Women Advanced Structured Materials Volume 165 Series Editors Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany Lucas F. M. da Silva, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Holm Altenbach , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany Common engineering materials are reaching their limits in many applications, and new developments are required to meet the increasing demands on engineering mate- rials. The performance of materials can be improved by combining different materials to achieve better properties than with a single constituent, or by shaping the material or constituents into a specific structure. The interaction between material and struc- ture can occur at different length scales, such as the micro, meso, or macro scale, and offers potential applications in very different fields. This book series addresses the fundamental relationships between materials and their structure on overall properties (e.g., mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, or magnetic properties, etc.). Experimental data and procedures are presented, as well as methods for modeling structures and materials using numerical and analyt- ical approaches. In addition, the series shows how these materials engineering and design processes are implemented and how new technologies can be used to optimize materials and processes. Advanced Structured Materials is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus. · · Azman Ismail Fatin Nur Zulkipli · Husna Sarirah Husin Andreas Öchsner Editors Advancements in Materials Science and Technology Led by Women Editors Azman Ismail Fatin Nur Zulkipli Centre for Women Advancement Faculty of Information Management and Leadership Universiti Teknologi MARA Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia Institute of Marine Engineering Technology Lumut, Perak, Malaysia Andreas Öchsner Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Husna Sarirah Husin Esslingen University of Applied Sciences Centre for Women Advancement Esslingen, Germany and Leadership Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology Lumut, Perak, Malaysia ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic) Advanced Structured Materials ISBN 978-3-031-21958-0 ISBN 978-3-031-21959-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21959-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This book is a noteworthy series of works authored by women from diverse research areas and expertise. This book contains research papers from fundamental, experi- mental, and empirical studies in the fields of mechanical engineering and materials science which are included in this book series. Methods for modelling data, struc- tures and materials using numerical and analytical techniques are described along with experimental data and methodologies. Lumut, Malaysia Azman Ismail Machang, Malaysia Fatin Nur Zulkipli Lumut, Malaysia Husna Sarirah Husin Esslingen, Germany Andreas Öchsner v Contents 1 Review: Role of Nanoparticles Growth and Alleviation of Abiotic Stress in Plants ...................................... 1 Shamini Janasekaran, Bassem Farouk Ghorab, Mohamed Al Askari, Marawan Hisham Saad, Habib Ullah Khan, and Abdulla Haroun Idriss 1.1 Introduction ............................................. 2 1.2 Nanoparticles of Metals ................................... 4 1.2.1 Gold (Au) ....................................... 4 1.2.2 Silver (Ag) ....................................... 5 1.2.3 Copper (Cu) ..................................... 6 1.3 Possible Abiotic Stresses in Plants and Their Treatment with Nanoparticles ....................................... 7 1.3.1 Drought ......................................... 7 1.3.2 Flooding ........................................ 8 1.3.3 Salinity .......................................... 8 1.4 Conclusion .............................................. 9 References .................................................... 10 2 Performance of Fibreglass Mat and Woven for Prosthetic Leg Socket Application ............................................ 13 Wan Nursheila Wan Jusoh, Mohd Yusoff Mohd Haris, Nurhayati Mohd Nur, Khairul Dahri Mohd Aris, Muhammad Amir Ihsan Basri, and Mohd Izhwan Maidu 2.1 Introduction ............................................. 14 2.2 Methodology ............................................ 15 2.2.1 Material ......................................... 15 2.2.2 Fabrication of Composite Split-Mould ............... 16 2.2.3 Fabrication of Composite Leg Socket ................ 17 2.2.4 Tensile Strength Test .............................. 18 2.2.5 Static Failure Test ................................. 18 2.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 18 vii viii Contents 2.3.1 Composite Split-Mould ............................ 18 2.3.2 Composite Leg Socket ............................. 19 2.3.3 Tensile Strength Test Result ........................ 20 2.3.4 Static Failure Test Result ........................... 22 2.4 Conclusion .............................................. 22 References .................................................... 23 3 Investigation of Leakage in Underground Pipelines Using the Radiotracer Technology .................................... 25 Noraishah Othman, Nolida Yussup, Ahmad Zubair Johan, Iqmal Zulkarnain Abdul Rahman, and Roslanzairi Mostapa 3.1 Introduction ............................................. 26 3.2 Methodology ............................................ 27 3.2.1 Development of Radiotracer Capsule ................ 27 3.2.2 Radiotracer Experiments ........................... 28 3.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 28 3.3.1 Radiotracer Capsule ............................... 28 3.3.2 Radiotracer Experiments ........................... 29 3.4 Conclusion .............................................. 32 References .................................................... 33 4 General Characteristics of Endophytes and Bioprospecting Potential of Endophytic Fungi .................................. 35 Md Abu Taher, Woei-Yenn Tong, Chean Ring Leong, Syarifah Ab Rashid, and Wen-Nee Tan 4.1 Introduction ............................................. 36 4.2 Characteristics of Endophytes .............................. 37 4.2.1 Origin ........................................... 37 4.2.2 Distribution ...................................... 37 4.2.3 Host Plant Interaction ............................. 38 4.3 Endophytic Fungi ........................................ 39 4.4 Natural Products from Endophytic Fungi .................... 41 4.4.1 Antimicrobial Compounds ......................... 42 4.4.2 Anticancer ....................................... 42 4.4.3 Antidiabetic ...................................... 43 4.4.4 Antioxidant ...................................... 44 4.4.5 Immunosuppressive ............................... 44 4.5 Conclusion .............................................. 46 References .................................................... 46 5 Biochar-Based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Derived from Biomass Waste for Degradation of Pyrene .................. 51 Noor Aina Mohd Nazri, Syarifah Nurhusna Qadirah Syed Abd Halim, and Sabrina Karim 5.1 Introduction ............................................. 52 5.2 Methodology ............................................ 53 Contents ix 5.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 54 5.4 Conclusion .............................................. 59 References .................................................... 61 6 Response Surface Methodology for the Optimisation of a 96-Well Microtitre Plate Coagulation Activity Assay .......... 63 Farah Salma Baharudin, Mussarat Saleem, and Robert Thomas Bachmann 6.1 Introduction ............................................. 64 6.2 Methodology ............................................ 65 6.2.1 Synthetic Turbid Water Samples .................... 65 6.2.2 Preparation of Coagulant Solutions .................. 65 6.2.3 Development of the 96-Well MTP Coagulation Activity Assay ................................... 66 6.2.4 Experimental Design using RSM .................... 67 6.2.5 Coagulation Activity of M. Oleifera Coagulant ........ 69 6.2.6 Statistical Analysis ................................ 69 6.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 69 6.3.1 Statistical Analysis ................................ 69 6.3.2 Process Analysis of the MTP Coagulation Activity Assay ........................................... 72 6.3.3 MTP Coagulation Activity Assay Optimisation and Model Verification ............................ 74 6.3.4 MTP Coagulation Activity Assay with Crude M. Oleifera Seed Extracts .......................... 76 6.4 Conclusion .............................................. 77 References .................................................... 77 7 Nutrient Recovery from Anaerobic Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Palm Kernel Shell Biochar and Deoiled Spent Bleaching Earth and Their Effect on Oil Palm Growth ..................... 81 Nur Maisarah Ahmad, Nurul Shafinah Foo, Soh Kheang Loh, Khaliesah Abbas, Siew Kooi Ong, Nazatulshima Hassan, Abbas Fadhl Mubarek Al-Karkhi, Mustapha Mohammed Bello, and Robert Thomas Bachmann 7.1 Introduction ............................................. 82 7.2 Methodology ............................................ 84 7.2.1 Materials ........................................ 84 7.2.2 Preparation of Nutrient-Enriched Sorbents ............ 84 7.2.3 Nursery Trial ..................................... 85 7.2.4 Analytical Techniques ............................. 88 7.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 89 7.3.1 Nutrient Recovery ................................ 89 7.3.2 Effect of Nutrient-Enriched Sorbents on Soil Properties ....................................... 93 x Contents 7.3.3 Effect of Nutrient-Enriched Sorbents on Growth of Oil Palm Seedlings ............................. 96 7.3.4 Comparison of Soil Treatment Performance .......... 98 7.3.5 Plant Health by Leaf Colour Data Analysis ........... 100 7.4 Conclusion .............................................. 101 References .................................................... 101 8 Red Tilapia By-Product (Oreochromis Sp.) Hydrolysates: Bioactivities, Bioprocessing, and Potential Applications ........... 105 Emmy Liza Anak Yaji, Nur Suraya Abdul Wahab, Norfahana Abd-Talib, Mohammad Zulkeflee Sabri, Kelly Yong Tau Len, Nadia Razali, and Khairul Faizal Pa’ee 8.1 Introductions to Red Tilapia Production and Its Processing By-Products ............................................. 106 8.2 Bioactive Peptides ........................................ 109 8.2.1 Antioxidant Peptides .............................. 109 8.2.2 Anticancer Peptides ............................... 112 8.2.3 Antimicrobial Activity ............................. 112 8.2.4 Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Peptides ......................... 113 8.3 The Production of ACE-Inhibitory Peptides .................. 115 8.3.1 Microbial Fermentation ............................ 116 8.3.2 Chemical Hydrolysis .............................. 117 8.3.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis ............................. 117 8.4 Purification of Peptides ................................... 118 8.4.1 Ultrafiltration (UF) ................................ 120 8.4.2 Chromatographic Approach ........................ 121 8.5 Red Tilapia By-Product as Protein Precursor for ACE-Inhibitory Peptides ............................... 123 8.5.1 Amino Acid Compositions of Tilapia By-Products ..... 125 8.6 Future Outlook ........................................... 126 8.7 Conclusions ............................................. 128 References .................................................... 128 9 Microhardness and Process Parameter Optimization of Friction Stir Welding on an AA5052 Thin Plate ................ 133 Bakhtiar Ariff Baharudin, Mazli Mustapha, Azman Ismail, Fatin Nur Zulkipli, Fauzuddin Ayob, and Azlan Ahmad 9.1 Introduction ............................................. 134 9.1.1 FSW Developments ............................... 134 9.2 Methodology ............................................ 136 9.2.1 Taguchi’s Method ................................. 136 9.2.2 ANOVA Analysis ................................. 136 9.2.3 S/N Ratio ........................................ 137 9.2.4 Experimental Procedure ........................... 137 9.2.5 Microhardness Measurement ....................... 137