Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development Ferdinando Trapani · Nabil Mohareb · Federica Rosso · Denia Kolokotsa · Sreetheran Maruthaveeran · Mahmoud Ghoneem Editors Advanced Studies in Efficient Environmental Design and City Planning Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development Editorial Board Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture - Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Egypt Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Biswajeet Pradhan, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Egypt Anand Nayyar , Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam Series Editor Mourad Amer, International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange (IEREK), Cairo, Egypt Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (ASTI) is a series of peer-reviewed books based on important emerging research that redefines the current disciplinary boundaries in science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to develop integrated concepts for sustainable development. It not only discusses the progress made towards securing more resources, allocating smarter solutions, and rebalancing the relationship between nature and people, but also provides in-depth insights from comprehensive research that addresses the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) as set out by the UN for 2030. The series draws on the best research papers from various IEREK and other international conferences to promote the creation and development of viable solutions for a sustainable future and a positive societal transformation with the help of integrated and innovative science-based approaches. Including interdisciplinary contributions, it presents innovative approaches and highlights how they can best support both economic and sustainable development, through better use of data, more effective institutions, and global, local and individual action, for the welfare of all societies. The series particularly features conceptual and empirical contributions from various interrelated fields of science, technology and innovation, with an emphasis on digital transformation,thatfocusonprovidingpracticalsolutionstoensurefood,waterandenergy securitytoachievetheSDGs.Italsopresentsnewcasestudiesofferingconcreteexamplesof how to resolve sustainable urbanization and environmental issues in different regions of the world. Theseriesisintendedforprofessionalsinresearchandteaching,consultanciesandindustry, and government and international organizations. Published in collaboration with IEREK, the Springer ASTI series will acquaint readers with essential new studies in STI for sustainable development. ASTI series has now been accepted for Scopus (September 2020). All content published in this series will start appearing on the Scopus site in early 2021. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15883 (cid:1) (cid:1) Ferdinando Trapani Nabil Mohareb (cid:1) (cid:1) Federica Rosso Denia Kolokotsa (cid:1) Sreetheran Maruthaveeran Mahmoud Ghoneem Editors Advanced Studies in Efficient Environmental Design and City Planning 123 Editors Ferdinando Trapani NabilMohareb Department ofArchitecture Faculty of Architectural Engineering University of Palermo Beirut Arab University Palermo, Italy Beirut, Lebanon Federica Rosso Denia Kolokotsa Department ofCivil, Construction Department ofEnvironmental Engineering andEnvironmental Engineering Technical University of Crete Sapienza University of Rome Chania, Greece Rome, Italy MahmoudGhoneem Sreetheran Maruthaveeran Department ofArchitecture Department ofLandscape Architecture Faculty of FineArts Faculty of DesignandArchitecture HelwanUniversity Universiti PutraMalaysia Helwan, Egypt Serdang,Malaysia ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic) Advances in Science, Technology &Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development ISBN978-3-030-65180-0 ISBN978-3-030-65181-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65181-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageand retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafter developed. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland ’ Series Editor s Foreword The world is in the midst of a disturbance of growth, consuming populations, and environ- mental degradation which produces many environmental challenges such as global climate change,excessivefossilfueldependency,andthegrowingdemandforenergy.Alloftheseare likely to be major challenges and one of the greatest problems facing humanity, nowadays. The majority of the world cities are confronted with similar and comparable challenges, including—for instance—increases in resource consumption, mobility demand, pollution, urban sprawl, social inequities, water degradation, recycling issues, erosion offertile topsoil, and depletion of ecosystems. Since its early days, the discourse around “smart cities” has included environmental sustainability as one of its core principles. In this context, environmental design is the fundamental principle of how to shape our cities. Almost half of the energy consumed is used in cities and urban built-up areas, that’s why it is necessary to avoid mistakes in urban design at early stages in order to retain more sustainablecities.CityplanningwithintheapproachofGreenUrbanismreflectsuponpractical strategies focusing on increasing sustainability beyond and within the scope of individual buildings. This book on Advanced Studies in Efficient Environmental Design and City Planning discusses how urbanism is affected by the paradigms of ecology and how smart and green concepts, systems, and interventions could truly contribute to the construction, management, operation, adaptation and maintenance of sustainable and resilient cities, in the framework of both new urban developments and the transformation of existing urban environments. The significance of this book lies within the pressing need for the integration of sustain- ability principles in the urban design process of cities and the general need for a sustainable city development. It will be of particular relevance to the rapid urban growth of developing cities. As within the book’s theme, the metaphor of Green Urbanism should inspire our imaginationandreflectiontowardsustainableandresilienturbanism.Itisareferenceforthose interested in taking an action toward the environmental issues, helping them to develop their proposals in city planning and its revolutions to be more sustainable. Cairo, Egypt Mourad Amer v fi Scienti c Committee Ahmed Abouaiana, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Alessandro D’Amico, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Caitilin deBerigny, University in Sydney, Australia Cristoforo Cattivera, University of Sapienza Roma, Italy Dario Esposito, Kore Enna University, Italy Denia Kolokotsa, Technical University of Crete, Greece Elena Montacchini, Polytechnic University, Italy Elisa Privitera, University of Catania, Italy Elisavet Tsekeri, Technical University of Crete Eslam Elsamahy, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Ferdinando Trapani, University of Palermo, Italy Francesco Cappa, LUISS University, Rome, Italy Francesco Rossini, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Gianluigi Pirrera (Aipin Efib), AIPIN Italian Association for Naturalistic Engineering—European Federation of Soil Bioengineering (E.F.I.B.), Florence, Italy Gioia Gibelli, International Association for Landscape Ecology (Siep Iale), Italy Giuseppe Salvo, University of Palermo, Italy Giuseppina Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy Hazem Ewais, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Joseph Agyei Danquah, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Building and Road Research Institute (CSIR—BRRI), Ghana Katerina Lilli, Technical University of Crete Kostas Gompakis, Technical University of Crete Letizia Appolloni, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Mahmoud Ghoneem, University of Helwan, Egypt Maria Panta, Arkin University of Creative Arts and Design, North Cyprus Mary Nabil Felix, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon Mohamed Assem Hanafi, Alexandria University, Egypt Nabil Mohareb, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon Nikos Kampelis, Technical University of Crete Silvia Tedesco, Polytechic University, Italy Simona Mannucci, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Sreetheran Maruthaveeran, University of Putra, Malaysia vii Acknowledgements Wewouldliketothanktheauthorsoftheresearchpapersthatwereselectedforadditioninthis book. We would also like to thank the reviewers who contributed with their knowledge and constructive feedback in hopes of ensuring the manuscript is of the best quality possible. AspecialthanksgoestotheEditorsofthisbookfortheirforesightinorganizingthisvolume and diligence in doing a professional job in editing it. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to the IEREK team for supporting the publication of the best research papers submitted to the conference. ix Introduction It is safe to acknowledge that the field of sustainability, a newly emergent and multidisci- plinary field, is rapidly evolving. Having gained momentum and proved its standing over the years, it is a pivotal response to rapid urbanization, specifically in cities of the developing world,inadditiontoutterdependenceonfiniteenergysupplywithanever-increasingdemand, combined with potential damage to the world’s environmental health through effluent gas emissionsandclimate change. Consequently, theworldisleftwithan urgentneedtoaddress energy efficiency related issues by presenting the combined strategies and management frameworks of urban planning, architecture and construction to overcome challenges of mobility demand, pollution, urban sprawl, social inequities, water degradation, recycling issues, fertile topsoil erosion, and ecosystem exhaustion. Thus, to deem a successful city as such, it must respond to the needs of the economy, environment, and society by offering resilient infrastructure, security, and efficiency. In this publication, the authors explore the relationship between city planning and energy con- sumption, identifying, as a result, the factors affecting energy efficiency at, both, the micro- and macro-levels. As main components of energy-efficient cities, energy-efficient buildings andsystemsrepresentakeyareaforclimatechangemitigationandreductionofglobalenergy consumption. In part one of this book on Energy and Smart Systems, the authors present comprehensive and significant research on passive and active design technologies, smart automation technologies, and shading device systems; all of which lay a solid foundation for green building and environmental efficiency. The chapters titled “Multivariable Coupling Influence on Energy-Efficient Skylight Design”, “Performance of L-shaped Mini Louvers in Tropical Cities in Cooling Energy Reduction: Case Study of Mumbai, Mexico City, and Lagos” and “The Effect of Shading Devices with Integrated Photovoltaics on Energy EfficiencyofBuildings”demonstratemultipleanddiverseenergyefficiencymeasures,coupled with renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic integrated shading devices, simple L-shaped mini louvers, design of skylights with exterior shades, which could significantly improve energy performance and reduce electricity consumption and carbon emissions in residential and office buildings. This book further delves into strategies and measures taken to advance into efficient environmental design, planning and sustainable development at a city-scale level. In its chapters, authors set conditions for the governance of megaprojects to ensure their sustain- ability as they focus on environmental, socio-economic, institutional sustainable strategies. That being said, and with the existence of various urban sustainability measurements and indicators,questions relating totheaccuracy ofthesemethodsandtheirlimitationscannot be overlooked and may deliver useful insight into the assessment of city performance. Thus, analyses of informal settlements in Africa and Asia are undertaken with the aim to develop a morecomprehensiveunderstandingofinformalsettlements,establishanunderstandingofthe community’s needs and how addressing those needs can eventually contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and advise future development strategies in developing countries. xi xii Introduction Through international case studies from Libya, India, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Algiers, Amman, and more, the authors develop plans and propose strategies to contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. In the chapter titled “The Sustainable Strategy to Create Decentralized Economic Hubs for Regional Development”, the decentral- ization strategy is put forward which is based on providing economic hubs to support and integrate with the medium- and small-scale cities by providing the missing core services for the region, while the chapter on “Innovative Sustainable Strategies to Mobility and Urban Transport Problems in Benghazi”, the ASI (Avoid, Shift and Improve) and TOD (Transit-Oriented Development),aimstohelp cutdown transport costs,reduce pollution,and achieve high quality and sustainable mobility and urban transport systems. Inanendeavortorespondtomajorurbanenvironmentalandsocietalchallenges,througha reduction of the ecological footprint, adaptation to climate change and promotion of health, Urban Green Infrastructure (GI) has been developed as a strategic planning approach. In Urban Landscapes and Green Infrastructure, the authors examine current inequalities in the distribution and access to green spaces, innovate processes of transforming green waste, and attempttointegrateinformalsettlementsthroughtheuseoflandscape.Theaforementioned,in realizing current pressures on green spaces due to urban sprawl, derelict land, and infill development, concluded a major contribution to the conservation and enhancement of bio- diversity and environmental quality, promotion of social cohesion and adaptation of cities to climate change—an inevitable and global phenomenon with impact on urban life. In exploring the role of green infrastructures and the environment in adapting cities for climatechange,theimportanceandfunctionalityofurbangreenspaces,oftenoverlookedand undervalued, are highlighted. The impact of climate change has already become more noticeable over the years. Endured by the people and the built infrastructure, the damage of heat waves, flooding, physical illnesses, wildfires and more, also disrupted the built envi- ronment. The Climate and the Environment explores the potential of greening, urban climate modelingandbuildingthermalperformanceenhancementandefficiencyinsupportingclimate change adaptation of urban environments. In this section, the need to work at local levels to develop Climate Action Plans and take community-wide action is discussed. Not only a contributortowasteheat,CO emissionsandclimatechange,thevastexpansionoftheglobal 2 urban population accompanied by the dynamic growth of cities has resulted in implications and environmental degradation, in part, due to the unbalanced urban integration of urban infrastructure into the urban fabric. Furthermore, these impacts may be further aggravated by poorly ventilated urban fabrics and dense morphologies making it a necessity to address currentenvironmentalimplications,explorenewandinnovativemitigationstrategies,andalter the way cities are evolving. Existingtheoriesofsustainabledevelopment,intheirjourneystowardthesustainable city, have failed to address human-oriented transportation systems which consists of healthy neighborhoods, integrated public-soft transportation networks, and transit-oriented develop- ment.Forthisreason,researchersinthisvolumecomeupwithbrandingstrategiesforcitiesin rural areas and develop models for integrating human-oriented transportation system frame- works as regeneration tools for healthy neighborhoods and communities. Cairo, Egypt Mourad Amer