Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Series Editor: Avinash Kumar Agarwal Akhilendra Pratap Singh Nikhil Sharma Ramesh Agarwal Avinash Kumar Agarwal Editors Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for the Automotive Sector Energy, Environment, and Sustainability Series Editor Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in these series are edited or authored by top researchers and professional across the globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in areas including, but not limited to: (cid:129) Renewable Energy (cid:129) Alternative Fuels (cid:129) Engines and Locomotives (cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion (cid:129) Fossil Fuels (cid:129) Carbon Capture (cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy (cid:129) Environmental Pollution (cid:129) Waste Management (cid:129) Transportation Sustainability More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901 Akhilendra Pratap Singh Nikhil Sharma (cid:129) (cid:129) Ramesh Agarwal Avinash Kumar Agarwal (cid:129) Editors Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for the Automotive Sector 123 Editors Akhilendra PratapSingh Nikhil Sharma Department ofMechanical Engineering Combustion andPropulsion Systems Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Chalmers University of Technology Kanpur,India Gothenburg,Sweden RameshAgarwal Avinash KumarAgarwal Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering andMaterials Science Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Washington University in St.Louis Kanpur,India St.Louis, MO, USA ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic) Energy,Environment, andSustainability ISBN978-981-15-0367-2 ISBN978-981-15-0368-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0368-9 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and urbanization. Global economy and society are significantly dependent on energy availabilitybecauseittoucheseveryfacetofhumanlifeandactivities.Transportation andpowergenerationaretwomajorexamples.Withouttransportationbymillionsof personalized and mass transport vehicles and availability of 24(cid:1)7 power, human civilizationwouldnothavereachedcontemporarylivingstandards. The International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability (ISEES) was founded at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), India, in January 2014 with an aim to spread knowledge/awareness and catalyze research activities in the fields of energy, environment, sustainability, and combustion. The society’s goal is to contribute to the development of clean, affordable, and secure energy resources and a sustainable environment for the society and to spread knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and create awareness about the environ- mentalchallenges,whichtheworldisfacingtoday.Theuniquewayadoptedbythe societywastobreaktheconventionalsilosofspecializations(engineering,science, environment, agriculture, biotechnology, materials, fuels, etc.) to tackle the prob- lemsrelatedtoenergy,environment,andsustainabilityinaholisticmanner.Thisis quite evident by the participation of experts from all fields to resolve these issues. The ISEES is involved in various activities such as conducting workshops, semi- nars, and conferences,. in the domains of its interests. The society also recognizes the outstanding works done by the young scientists and engineers for their con- tributions in these fields by conferring them awards under various categories. Third International Conference on “Sustainable Energy and Environmental Challenges”(III-SEEC)wasorganizedundertheauspicesofISEESfromDecember 18–21,2018,atIndianInstituteofTechnologyRoorkee.Thisconferenceprovideda platform for discussions between eminent scientists and engineers from various countries including India, USA, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Malaysia, Austria, HongKong, Bangladesh, and Australia. In this conference, eminent speakers from all over the world presented their views related to different aspects of energy, combustion,emissions,andalternativeenergyresourceforsustainabledevelopment and cleaner environment. Theconference presented five high-voltage plenary talks v vi Preface from globally renowned experts on topical themes, namely “The Evolution of Laser Ignition Over more than Four Decades” by Prof. Ernst Wintner, Technical University of Vienna, Austria; “Transition to Low Carbon Energy Mix for India”, Dr. Bharat Bhargava, ONGC Energy Center; “Energy Future of India”, By Dr.VijayKumarSaraswat,HonorableMember(S&T)NITIAayog,Governmentof India;“AirQualityMonitoringandAssessmentinIndia”byDr.GurfanBeig,Safar and “Managing Large Technical Institutions and Assessment Criterion for Talent Recruitment and Retention” by Prof. Ajit Chaturvedi, Director, IIT Roorkee. The conference included 24 technical sessions on topics related to energy and environmental sustainability including five plenary talks, 27 keynote talks, and 15 invited talks from prominent scientists, in addition to 84 contributed talks and 50 posterpresentationsbystudentsandresearchers.Thetechnicalsessionsinthecon- ferenceincludedadvancesinICengines,solarenergy,environmentalbiotechnology, combustion,environmentalsustainability,coalandbiomasscombustion/gasification, airandwaterpollution,biomasstofuels/chemicals,combustion/GasTurbines/Fluid Flow/Sprays, Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Atomization and Sprays, Sustainable Transportation and Environmental Issues, New Concepts in Energy Conservation,Wastetowealth.OneofthehighlightsoftheconferencewastheRapid Fire Poster Sessions in (i) engine/fuels/emissions, (ii) renewable and sustainable energy,and(iii)biotechnology,where50studentsparticipatedwithgreatenthusiasm and won many prizes in a fiercely competitive environment. Two hundred plus participants and speakers attended this four days conference, which also hosted Dr.VijayKumarSaraswat,Hon.Member(S&T)NITIAayog,GovernmentofIndia, asthechiefguestforthebookreleaseceremony,where14ISEESbookspublishedby Springer, Singapore under a special dedicated series “Energy, environment and sustainability”werereleased.Thiswasthesecondtimeinarowthatsuchsignificant andhigh-qualityoutcomehasbeenachievedbyanysocietyinIndia.Theconference concludedwithapaneldiscussionon“Challenges,OpportunitiesandDirectionsfor NationalEnergySecurity,”wherethepanelistswereProf.ErnstWintner,Technical University of Vienna; Prof. Vinod Garg, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda; Prof.AvinashKumarAgarwal,IITKanpur;andDr.MichaelSauer,BokuUniversity forNaturalResources,Austria.ThepaneldiscussionwasmoderatedbyProf.Ashok Pandey, Chairman, ISEES. This conference laid out the roadmap for technology development,opportunitiesandchallengesinenergy,environment,andsustainability domain. All these topics are very relevant for the country and the world in present context. We acknowledge the support received from various funding agencies and organizations forthesuccessfulconductoftheThird ISEESConferenceIII-SEEC, where these books germinated. We would, therefore, like to acknowledge NIT Srinagar,Uttarakhand(TEQIP)(SpecialthankstoProf.S.Soni,Director,NIT,UK), SERB,GovernmentofIndia(SpecialthankstoDr.RajeevSharma,Secretary);UP BioenergyDevelopmentBoard,Lucknow(SpecialthankstoSh.P.S.Ojha),CSIR, andourpublishingpartnerSpringer(SpecialthankstoSwatiMeherishi). The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to large number of authors from all over the world for submitting their high-quality work in a timely mannerandrevisingitappropriatelyatashortnotice.Wewouldliketoexpressour Preface vii special thanks to Dr. Atul Dhar, Dr. Pravesh Chandra Shukla, Dr. Nirendra Nath Mustafi,Prof. V.S. Moholkar, Prof. V.Ganeshan,Dr. Joonsik Hwang, Dr. Biplab Das and Dr. Veena Chaudhary, Dr. Jai Gopal Gupta, and Dr. Chetan Patel, who reviewed various chapters of this monograph and provided their valuable sugges- tions to improve the manuscripts. This book is based on advanced combustion strategies and engine technologies for automotive sector. This book includes chapters on advanced combustion technologies such as gasoline direct ignition (GDI), spark assisted compression ignition (SACI), and gasoline compression ignition (GCI). In this book, more emphasis is given on technologies, which have the potential for utilization of alternative fuels as well as emission reduction.One of the most viable solutions in thepresentscenarioforIndiaistheadaptationofmethanolasafuelforautomobile sector. Therefore, one section of this book is specially focussed on the techniques for methanol utilization techniques. All authors of this book are among top researchers in their field, and therefore, the piece of information catered herein by theirmeticulouseffortsshallbeworthfullenoughtolookintoit.Wehopethatthe bookwouldbeofgreatinteresttotheprofessionals,postgraduatestudentsinvolved in fuels, IC engines, engine instrumentation, and environmental research. Kanpur, India Akhilendra Pratap Singh Gothenburg, Sweden Nikhil Sharma St. Louis, USA Ramesh Agarwal Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal Contents Part I General 1 Introduction to Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for Automotive Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Akhilendra Pratap Singh, Nikhil Sharma, Ramesh Agarwal and Avinash Kumar Agarwal Part II Methanol Utilization 2 Development of Methanol Fuelled Two-Wheeler for Sustainable Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Tushar Agarwal, Akhilendra Pratap Singh and Avinash Kumar Agarwal 3 Material Compatibility Aspects and Development of Methanol-Fueled Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Vikram Kumar and Avinash Kumar Agarwal 4 Prospects of Methanol-Fuelled Carburetted Two Wheelers in Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Hardikk Valera, Akhilendra Pratap Singh and Avinash Kumar Agarwal Part III Advanced Engine Technologies 5 Prospects of Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Engine Technology in Transport Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Vishnu Singh Solanki, Nirendra Nath Mustafi and Avinash Kumar Agarwal 6 Overview, Advancements and Challenges in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Ankur Kalwar and Avinash Kumar Agarwal ix x Contents 7 Study on Alternate Fuels and Their Effect on Particulate Emissions from GDI Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Sreelekha Etikyala and Vamshi Krishna Gunda 8 Ozone Added Spark Assisted Compression Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Sayan Biswas and Isaac Ekoto Part IV Emissions and Aftertreatment Systems 9 EmissionsofPM -BoundTraceMetalsfromOn-RoadVehicles: 2.5 An Assessment of Potential Health Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Jai Prakash and Gazala Habib 10 Role of Diesel Particulate Filter to Meet Bharat Stage-VI Emission Norms in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Rabinder Singh Bharj, Gurkamal Nain Singh and Hardikk Valera Part V Miscellaneous 11 Design and Development of Small Engines for UAV Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Utkarsha Sonawane and Nirendra Nath Mustafi 12 Automotive Lightweighting: A Brief Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Aneissha Chebolu