C Advanced >M • for Displays Character Displays, Windows, and Keyboards for the UNIX and MS-DOS Operating Systems Character Windows Displays Keyboards UNIX A/1S-D0S Rochkind fiaic \ J. / PRENTICE HALL SOFTWARE SERIES I Advanced C Programming for Displays Advanced C Programming for Displays Character Displays, Windows, and Keyboards UNIX and MS-DOS for fine Operating Systems Marc Rochkind J. Advanced Programming Institute, Ltd. Louisville, Colorado Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ROCHKIND,MARC J. Advanced CProgrammingforDisplays Bibliography: p. 319 1. C(Computerprogramlanguage) 2. UNIX (operatingsystem) 3. MS-DOS(Computeroperatingsystem) I. Title. QA76.73.C15R63 1988 005.4'3 87-18671 ISBN 0-13-010240-7 Coverdesign: LundgrenGraphics,Ltd. Manufacturingbuyer: PaulaBenevenlo Indexer: BarbaraPalumbo ©1988byPrentice-Hall, Inc. ADivisionofSimon& Schuster EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey, 07632 UNIX®is aregisteredtrademarkofAT&T. MS-DOSisatrademarkofMicrosoft. Prentice Hall Software Series Brian W. Kemighan, Advisor Theauthorandpublisherofthisbookhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook. Theseeffortsincludethe development, research,andtestingofthetheories andprograms to determinetheireffectiveness. Theauthorandpublishermakeno warrantyofanykind, expressedorimplied,withregardtotheseprogramsorthedocumentation containedin thisbook. Theauthorandpublishershall notbeliablein anyeventforincidentalor consequential damagesinconnection with,orarisingoutof,thefurnishing, performance, oruseoftheseprograms. Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthisbookmaybe reproduced, in anyformorbyanymeans, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 ISBN a-13-DlD2MD-7 055 PRENTICE-HALLINTERNATIONAL(UK)LIMITED,London PRENTICE-HALLOFAUSTRALIAPTY. LIMITED,Sydney PRENTICE-HALLCANADAINC., Toronto PRENTICE-HALLHISPANOAMERICANA, S.A.,Mexico PRENTICE-HALLOFINDIAPRIVATE LIMITED,NewDelhi PRENTICE-HALLOFJAPAN, INC., Tokyo SIMON& SCHUSTERASIAPTE. LTD.,Singapore EDITORAPRENTICE-HALLDOBRASIL, LTDA.,RiodeJaneiro For Dad and Lea 1 Digitized by the Internet Archive 2012 in http://archive.org/details/advancedcprogramOOroch Contents Preface xiii 1 Basic Concepts 1 1.1. A Quick Look at Computer Graphics 1 1.2. A Concrete View ofWorkstation Hardware 3 1.2.1. Output Devices, 4 1.2.2. Input Devices, 10 1.3. An AbstractView ofWorkstation Hardware 11 1.4. User Interface Management Systems 16 1.5. Summary 18 2 Terminology and Programming Environment 20 2.1. Introduction 20 VII vlll Contents 2.2. Characters 20 2.3. Attributes 24 2.4. Character Cells and Display Buffers 25 2.5. Additional Definitions 26 2.6. Rectangles 27 2.7. Portability 30 2.8. Memory Operations 34 2.9. Error Handling 36 2.10. AllocatingMemory 37 2.11. String Functions 38 2.12. Summary 39 3 The Physical Screen 41 3.1. Introduction 41 3.2. Physical Screen Interface 42 3.2.1. Properties ofthe PhysicalScreen, 42 3.2.2. Physical Screen InterfaceFunctions, 43 3.2.3. ExampleProgram, 48 3.3. Terminal-Specific (Z-19) Implementation 48 3.3.1. Z-19 Control Codes and Escape Sequences, 49 3.3.2. Z-19Implementation ofthe Physical Screen Interface, 54 3.3.3. Generalizations to Other Terminals, 61 3.4. UNIXTermcap 62 3.4.1. Termcap Database, 63 3.4.2. TermcapAccessFunctions, 67 3.4.3. Termcap Implementation ofthe Physical Screen Interface, 71