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This page intentionally left blank Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood This page intentionally left blank Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood A Cultural Approach SIXTH EDITION Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Clark University Senior Portfolio Manager: Amber Chow Content Producer: Cecilia Turner Content Developer: Shannon LeMay-Finn Portfolio Manager Assistant: Stephany Harrington Product Marketer: Christopher Brown Senior Field Marketer: Debi Doyle Content Producer Manager: Amber Mackey Content Development Manager: Sharon Geary Content Developer, Learning Tools: Christopher Fegan Art/Designer: Blair Brown Digital Studio Course Producer: Elissa Senra-Sargent Project Manager: Ron Watson, Integra Compositor: Integra Printer/Binder: LSC Communications, Inc. Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Cover Design: Janet Slowik, Lumina Datamatics Cover Credit: Pakhnyushchy/Shutterstock, John Lund/Getty Images Ollyy/Shutterstock Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on pages 479–482. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designa- tions have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication is on file with the Library of Congress Names: Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. Title: Adolescence and emerging adulthood / Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Description: 6 Edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Pearson, [2017] | Revised edition of the author’s Adolescence and emerging adulthood, c2013. | Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed. Identifiers: LCCN 2017013089 (print) | LCCN 2017023057 (ebook) | ISBN 9780134006086 (ebook) | ISBN 0134006089 (ebook) | ISBN 9780134596877 | ISBN 0134596870 Subjects: LCSH: Adolescence—Cross-cultural studies. | Teenagers—Cross-cultural studies. | Young adults—Cross-cultural studies. | Adolescent psychology—Cross-cultural studies. Classification: LCC HQ796 (ebook) | LCC HQ796 .A7255 2017 (print) | DDC 305.235—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017013089 1 17 Student Edition ISBN 10: 0-134-59687-0 ISBN 13: 978-0-134-59687-7 Books a la Carte Edition ISBN 10: 0-134-00598-8 ISBN 13: 978-0-134-00598-0 Brief Contents 1 Introduction 1 8 Friends and Peers 226 2 Biological Foundations 37 9 Love and Sexuality 259 3 Cognitive Foundations 67 10 School 298 4 Cultural Beliefs 105 11 Work 331 5 Gender 133 12 Media 361 6 The Self 161 13 Problems and Resilience 384 7 Family Relationships 188 v This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xii 2 Biological Foundations 37 About the Author xix The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Hormonal 1 Introduction 1 Changes and Physical Growth 38 The Endocrine System 39 Adolescence in Western Cultures: A Brief History 3 THE INITIATION OF PUBERTY IN THE HYPOTHAL AMUS 39 • Adolescence in Ancient Times 3 THE PITUITARY GLAND AND THE GONADOTROPINS 39 • Adolescence from 1500 to 1890 5 THE GONADS AND THE SEX HORMONES 40 • THE FEEDBACK The Age of Adolescence, 1890–1920 5 LOOP IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 41 ■■ Historical Focus The “Storm and Stress” Debate 8 Physical Growth During Puberty 41 From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood 8 The Biological Revolution of Puberty: Sexual Maturity and Physical Functioning 43 Adolescence Arrives Earlier 9 Primary Sex Characteristics 43 ■■ Research Focus The “Monitoring the Future” Study 10 EGG AND SPERM PRODUCTION 44 • THE MALE Distinctive Features of Emerging Adulthood 11 AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY 44 The Transition to Adulthood 15 Secondary Sex Characteristics 45 The Transition to Adulthood: Cross-Cultural Themes 15 The Order of Pubertal Events 47 The Transition to Adulthood: Cultural Variations 15 ■■ Research Focus Tanner’s Longitudinal Research The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging on Pubertal Development 48 Adulthood 16 Changes in Physical Functioning During The Scientific Method 16 Puberty 48 ■■ Cultural Focus Moroccan Conceptions of Adolescence 17 THE HEART, THE LUNGS, AND PHYSICAL STEP 1: IDENTIFY A RESEARCH QUESTION 18 • STEP 2: FORM PERFORMANCE 48 • OBESITY 49 • PHYSICAL A HYPOTHESIS 18 • STEP 3: CHOOSE A RESEARCH METHOD FUNCTIONING IN EMERGING ADULT HOOD 51 AND A RESEARCH DESIGN 18 • STEP 4: COLLECT DATA TO Cultural Responses to Puberty 52 TEST THE HYPOTHESIS 19 • STEP 5: DRAW CONCLUSIONS Culture and the Timing of Puberty 52 AND FORM NEW QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES 19 Cultural Responses to Puberty: Puberty Rituals 54 Ethics in Human Development Research 20 ■■ Cultural Focus Coming of Age in Samoa 56 Methods and Designs in Research 21 Social and Personal Responses to Puberty 56 Research Methods 21 Parent–Adolescent Relations and Puberty 57 QUESTIONNAIRES 21 • INTERVIEWS 22 • OBSERVATIONS 22 • ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 22 • Personal Responses to Menarche and Semenarche 58 CASE STUDIES 23 • BIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 23 • ■■ Historical Focus Menarche as a Taboo Topic 60 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 24 • NATURAL EXPERIMENTS 24 Early and Late Pubertal Timing 61 Reliability and Validity 25 EARLY AND LATE MATURATION AMONG GIRLS 62 • EARLY Research Designs 25 AND LATE MATURATION AMONG BOYS 62 CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH 26 • LONGITUDINAL Biological Development and the Environment: RESEARCH 26 The Theory of Genotype S Environment Effects 63 Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional Passive, Evocative, and Active Genotype S Overview 27 Environment Effects 63 Sub-Saharan Africa 27 PASSIVE GENOTYPE S ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS 63 • North Africa and the Middle East 28 EVOCATIVE GENOTYPE S ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS 64 • Asia 28 ACTIVE GENOTYPE S ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS 64 India 29 Genotype S Environment Effects Over Time 64 Summing Up 65 • Key Terms 66 Latin America 30 The West 30 3 Cognitive Foundations 67 Other Themes of the Text 31 Interdisciplinary Approach 31 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 69 Gender Issues 32 Basic Principles of Piaget’s Theory 69 Globalization 32 Stages of Cognitive Development in Childhood Summing Up 33 • Key Terms 36 and Adolescence 70 vii