Adaptation and Human Behavior EVOLUTIONARY FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR An Aldine de Gruyter Series of Texts and Monographs EDITED BY Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, University of California, Davis Marc Hauser, Harvard University Richard D. Alexander, The Biology of Moral Systems Laura L. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History James S. Chisholm, Navajo Infancy: An Ethological Study of Child Development Russell 1. Ciochon and John G. Fleagle (eds.), Primate Evolution and Human Origins G.A. Clark and C.M. Willermet (eds.), Conceptual Issues in Modem Human Origins Lee Cronk, Napoleon Chagnon, and William Irons (eds.), Adaptation and Human Behavior: Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, Homicide Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology Richard J. Gelles and Jane B. Lancaster (eds.), Child Abuse and Neglect: Biosocial Dimen- Kathleen R. Gibson and Anne C. Petersen (eds.), Brain Maturation and Cognitive Develop- Frederick E. Grine (ed.), Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines Barry S. Hewlett (ed.), Father-Child Relations: Cultural and Biosocial Contexts Kim Hill and A. Magdalena Hurtado, Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography Nancy Howell, Demography of the Dobe !Kung (Second Edition) Warren G. Kinzey (ed.), New World Primates: Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Jane 8. Lancaster, Jeanne Altmann, Alice S. Rossi, and Lonnie R. Sherrod (eds.), Parenting Jonathan Marks, Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History Lewis Petrinovich, The Cannibal Within Richard B. Potts, Early Hominid Activities at Olduval Eric Alden Smith, Inuj juamiut Foraging Strategies: Evolutionary Ecology of an Artic Hunt- Eric Aden Smith and Bruce Winterhalder (eds.), Evolutionary Ecology and Human Barbara Boardman Smuts, Sex and Friendship in Baboons Patricia Stuart-Macadam and Susan Kent (eds.), Diet, Demography, and Disease: Changing Wenda R. Trevathan, Human Birth: An Evolutionary Perspective James W. Wood, Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography Research An Anthropological Perspective sions ment: Comparative and Cross-CuItural Perspectives of a Foraging People across the Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions ing Economy Behavior Perspectives on hernia Adaptation Ul7d Human Behavior An A nth rop ological Perspective Editors Lee Cronk Napoleon Chagnon William Irons ALDINE DE GRUYTER NEWYORK ABOUT THE EDITORS Lee Cronk is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Napoleon Chagnon is Professor of Anthropology, Emeritus, at the Uni- versity of California, Santa Barbara, California. William Irons is Professor of Anthropology at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. Copyright 0 2000 by Walter de Gruyter, Inc., New York All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ- ing photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval sys- tem, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. ALDINE DE GRUYTER A division of Walter de Gruyter, h c . 200 Saw Mill River Road Hawthorne, New York 10532 This publication is printed on acid free paper 63 Library of Congress Cata~oging-in-Publica~~o~ Data Adaptation and human behavior : an anthropological perspective / [edited by] Lee Cronk, Napoleon Chagnon, and Wllliam Irons. p. cm. - (Evolutionary foundations of human behavior) Includes bibliographical references, ISBN 0-202-02043-6 (cl. : a&. paper). - ISBN 0-202-02044-4 (pa. 1. Sociobiology 2. Human behavior. 3. Social evolution. : ak. paper) 4. Human evolution. 5. Human ecology. I. Cronk, Lee. 11. Chagnon, Napoleon A., 1938- . ?JI. Irons, William. N. Series. GN365.9.A33 1999 304.54~21 99-26821 CIP Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 In mernoriarn W. D. Hamilton (1936-2000) Late Royal Society Research Professor in Zoology Oxford University without whose new insighfs into the behavior ofall organisms this volume and the paradigm it explores would never have been possible This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgment Contributors Part I Some Statements of Theory 1. Two Decades of a New Paradigm Willinm Irons and Lee Cronk xi xiii xiv 3 2. Three Styles in the Evolutionary Analysis of Human Behavior Eric Alden Smith 27 Part I1 Mating 3. Polygyny, Family Structure, and Child Mortality: A Prospective Study among the Dogon of Mali Beverly I. Strassmann 49 4. Paternal Investment and Hunter-Gatherer Divorce Rates Nicholas G, Blurton l o w s , Frank W, Marlowe, Kristen Hawkes, and James F. O'Connell 69 5. Fertility, Offspring Quality, and Wealth in Datoga Pastoralists: Testing Evolutionary Models of Intersexual Selection Daniel W. Sellen, Monique BargerhofMuIder, and Daniela E Sieg 91 6. Manipulating Kinship Rules: A Form of Male Yanomamo Reproductive Competition Napoleon A. Chagnon 215 vii Contents viii 7. Physical Attractiveness, Race, and Somatic Prejudice in Bahia, Brazil Doug Jonts 233 Part I11 Parenting 8. Parental Investment Strategies among Aka Foragers, Ngandu Farmers, and Euro-American Urban-Indus trialists Barry S. Hewletf, Michael E. Lamb, Birgit Leyendecker, and Axe1 Scholmerich 1 55 9. Parenting Other Men’s Children: Costs, Benefits, and Consequences lane B. Lmcaster and Hillavd S. Kaplan 10. Female-Biased Parental Investment and Growth Performance among the Mukogodo Lee Cronk 179 203 11. Why Do the Yomut Raise More Sons than Daughters? WiIliam Ivons 223 12. The Grandmother Hypothesis and Human Evolution Kristen Hawkes, James F. O’Connell, Nicholas Blurton Jones, Helen Alvarez, and Eric L. Charnov 237 Part IV The Demographic Transition 13. An Adaptive Model of Human Reproductive Rate Where Wealth Is Inherited: Why People Have Small Families Ruth Mace 14. The Evolutionary Economics and Psychology of the Demographic Transition to Low Fertility Hillard S. Kaplan and Jane B. Lancaster 261 283 Contents ix 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Sex, Wealth, and Fertility: Old Rules, New Environments Bobbi s. Low 323 To Marry Again or Not: A Dynamic Model fox Demographic Transition Barney Luttbeg, Monique Borgerhuf Mulder, and Mare Mange1 345 Part V Sociality Effects of Illness and Injury on Foraging among the Yora and Shiwiar: Pathulogy Risk as Adaptive Problem Lawrence S. Sugiyarna and Richard Chacon 371 Reciprocal Altruism in Yamomamo Food Exchange Rayrnond H a m s 397 Reciprocal Altruism and Warfare: A Case from the Ecuadorian Amazon John (2. Patton The Emergence and Stability of Cooperative Fishing on Ifaluk Atoll R icha r d Sus is Part VI Conclusion 21. Twenty Years of Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: Where Are We Now? J. Patrick Gray 41 7 437 475 497 Index