ACUTE VIRUS INFECTIONS OF POULTRY CURRENT TOPICS IN VJ<;TJ<;RlNARY MJ<;DlCINJ<; AND ANIMAL SClJ<;NCJ<; Control of Reproduction in the Factors Influencing Fertility in the Cow, edited by J.M. Sreenan Postpartum Cow, edited by H. Karg and E. Schallenberger Patterns of Growth and Develop ment in Cattle, edited by H. de Boer and Beef Production from Different J. Martin Dairy Breeds and Dairy Beef Crosses, edited by G.J. More O'Ferrall Respiratory Diseases in Cattle, edited by W.B. Martin The Elisa: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in Veterinary Research Calving Problems and Early and Diagnosis, edited by R.C. Wardley and Viability of the Calf, edited by B. Hoffmann, 1.R. Crowther I.L. Mason and 1. Schmidt Indicators Relevant to Farm The Future of Beef Production in Animal Welfare, edited by D. Smidt the European Community, edited by J .C. Bowman and P. SusmeI Farm Animal Housing and Welfare, edited by S.H. Baxter, M.R. Baxter Diseases of Cattle in the Tropics: and J.A.D. MacCormack Economic and Zoonotic Relevance, edited by M. Ristic and I. McIntyre Stunning of Animals for Slaughter, edited by G. Eikelenboom Control of Reproductive Functions in Domestic Animals, edited by W. Jiichle and Manipulation of Growth in Farm D.R. Lamond Animals, edited by J.F. Roche and D. O'Callaghan The Laying Hen and its Environ ment, edited by R. Moss Latent Herpes Virus Infections in Veterinary Medicine, edited by G. Wittmann, Epidemiology and Control of R.M. Gaskell and H.-J. Rziha Nematodiasis in Cattle, edited by P. Nansen, R.J. J0rgensen and E.J.L. Soulsby Grassland Beef Production, edited by W. Holmes The Problem of Dark-Cutting in Beef, edited by D.E. Hood and P.V. Tarrant Recent Advances in Virus Diagnosis, edited by M.S. McNulty and J.B. The Welfare of Pigs, edited by McFerran W. Sybesma The Male in Farm Animal Repro The Mucosal Immune System, duction, edited by M. Courot edited by F.J. Bourne Endocrine Causes of Seasonal and Laboratory Diagnosis in Neonatal Lactational Anestrus in Farm Animals, edited Calf and Pig Diarrhoea, edited by P.W. de by F. Ellendorff and F. Elsaesser Leeuw and P.A.M. Guinee Brucella Melitensis, edited by 1.M. Advances in the Control of Verger and M. Plommet Theileriosis, edited by A.D. Irvin, M.P. Cunningham and A.S. Young Diagnosis of Mycotoxicoses, edited by J.L. Richard and J.R. Thurston Fourth International Symposium on Bovine Leukosis, edited by O.C. Straub Embryonic Mortality in Farm Animals, edited by J.M. Sreenan and M.G. Muscle Hypertrophy of Genetic Diskin Origin and its Use to Improve Beef Produc tion, edited by J.W.B. King and F. Menissier Social Space for Domestic Animals, edited by R. Zayan Aujeszky's Disease, edited by G. Wittman and S.A. Hall The Present State of Leptospirosis Diagnosis and Control, edited by W.A. Ellis Transport of Animals Intended for and T.W.A. Little Breeding, Production and Slaughter, edited by R. Moss Acute virus infections of poultry, Welfare and Husbandry of Calves, edited by J .B. McFerran and M.S. McNulty edited by J.P. Signoret ACUTE VIRUS INFECTIONS OF POULTRY A Seminar in the CEC Agricultural Research Programme, held in Brussels, June 13 -14, 1985 Sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture, Co-ordination of Agricultural Research Edited by J.B. McFerran and M.S. McNulty Veterinary Research Laboratories, Belfast, Northern Ireland 1986 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS ... 1111 a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER .~ for THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES IV Distributors jar the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA jar the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lRN, UK jar all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Dat.! Acute virus infections of poultry. (Developments in veterinary medicine and animal science) 1. Virus diseases in poultry--Congresses. I. HcFerran, J. B. II. McNulty, M. S. Ill. Commission of the European Communities. Coordination of Agricultur al Reaearch. IV. Series. SF995.6.V55A28 1986 636.5'0896925 86-8327 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8405-5 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8405-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-4287-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4287-5 EUR 10052 EN Book information Publication arranged by: Commission of the European Communities, Direc torate-General Information Market and Innovation, Luxembourg Copyright/legal notice © 1986 by ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1986 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. v CONTENTS Page Preface VI LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IX A LETHAL OUTBREAK OF H5N2 INFLUENZA IN POULTRY IN THE USA: VIRUS CHARACTERIZATION AND HOST RANGE J.M. Wood, R.G. Webster, Y. Kawaoka, W.J. Bean and V.F. Nettles 1 THE CONTROL AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AN INFLUENZA A OUTBREAK IN IRELAND T.M. Murphy 23 CURRENT SITUATION OF AVIAN INFLUENZA IN ITALY AND APPROACHES TO ITS CONTROL P.N. D'Aprile 29 AVIAN INFLUENZA DIAGNOSIS AND VACCINATION M.S. McNulty and J.B. McFerran 36 EXPERIMENTAL VACCINATION OF CHICKENS AGAINST AVIAN INFLUENZA SUBTYPE H5 WITH AN INACTIVATED OIL EMULSION VACCINE B. Kouwenhoven and A.G. Burger 45 THE CLASSIFICATION, HOST RANGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF AVIAN PARAMYXOVIRUSES D.J. Alexander 52 PARAMYXOVIRUS TYPE 1 INFECTION IN PIGEONS H. Vindevogel and J.P. Duchatel 67 VACCINATION OF PIGEONS WITH LIVE AND INACTIVATED VACCINES AGAINST PARAMYXOVIRUS 1 INFECTION E.F. Kaleta, B. Polten, N. Schmeer and J. Meister 78 AVIAN PARAMYXOVIRUS TYPE 1 INFECTIONS IN PIGEONS - SPREAD TO DOMESTIC POULTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN IN 1984 D.J. Alexander 87 RECENT ADVANCES IN PARAMYXOVIRUS INFECTION OF TURKEYS IN FRANCE F.X. Le Gros 96 THE DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VARIANT INFECTIONS F.G. Davelaar, B. Kouwenhoven and A.G. Burger 103 A NEW PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS ISOLATED IN FRANCE J.P. Picault, G. Bennejean, P Drouin, M. Guittet, J. Protais, R. L'Hospitalier, J.P. Gillet, J. Lamande and A. Ie Bachelier 122 VI PREFACE This book is based on the proceedings of a seminar on acute viral in fections of poultry, which was held in Brussels on 13-14 June 1985. The aim of the seminar, which was sponsored by the CEC, was to gather infor mation on those infections of immediate or increasing importance. It is hoped that dissemination of this information will make it easier to har monize diagnostic and control measures throughout the member states of the EEC. Several points emerge from recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza. In view of the apparent change in pathogenicity of the virus involved in the outbreak in the USA, infections of domestic poultry, particularly with H5 and H7 sub-types, should be regarded as a potential threat, even if the viruses involved are of low pathogenicity. The reasons for the amount of lateral spread which occurred in the USA outbreak are still not clear, and it can not be assumed that future outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza will tend to be self-limiting, as in the past. The importance of denying access of wild birds, particularly water fowl, to domestic poultry needs to be re-emphasised. Lastly, there appears to be increasing support for a combination of slaughter and ring vaccination to control future outbreaks of spreading avian influenza. Although pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 can be distinguished from clas sical strains of Newcastle disease virus, this virus can cause disease in domestic poultry, as exemplified by the 22 outbreaks in Great Britain in 1984. Feed contaminated with infected pigeon droppings and indeed dead pigeons was the major factor in the epidemiology of the British outbreaks. The use of aqueous adjuvanted inactivated vaccines to control the disease in pigeons appears promising, but none of the available vaccines prevent either infection of pigeons with the virus or subsequent virus excretion. There is growing awareness of the presence of other avian paramyxovirus in fections in domestic poultry. It is possible that some of these may cause problems in the future. While infectious bronchitis is controlled by Mass-type vaccines in some countries of the EEC, there is evidence in other countries of pro blems caused by antigenically distinct variant strains. Available evidence vo suggests that oil adjuvanted infectious bronchitis vaccines give a better immunity in laying birds than the traditional live vaccines. However, best results with both Mass and variant strain oil adjuvanted vaccines are obtained following priming with live vaccines. The runting-stunting or malabsorption syndrome is a new disease, principally of broiler chickens, which appeared worldwide in the late 1970s. One of its interesting features is the difference seen in the clinical signs and pathological lesions throughout the EEC. The aetiology is still unknown. Some success in experimentally reproducing the condit ion in Europe using enterovirvuses and parvoviruses has been reported. Some workers favour a mixed aetiology of viruses and bacteria. Reovirus is considered to have an aetiological role by many North American workers, but there is little evidence for this in Europe. The chick anaemia agent has many of the physical properties of a parvovirus, but its identity as a virus remains to be confirmed. Avail able evidence indicates that both parvoviruses and enteroviruses can be egg-transmitted in chickens. As these viruses have been recognised in chickens only very recently and are not detected by conventional cell cul ture techniques, there is a good possibility that they are present in many specific pathogen-free flocks. This, in turn, raises the possibility that virus stocks, including vaccines, grown on tissues derived from infected flocks, may be contaminated with these viruses. Domestic ducks and geese are growing in economic importance. Work described in this book discusses the relationship of duck fatty kidney syndrome and focal pancreatic necrosis with duck viral hepatitis type 1 and presents evidence that duck viral hepatitis type 2 virus is an astro virus. J.B. McFERRAN M.S. McNULTY vrn Page ANTIGENIC DIFFERENTIATION OF AVIAN BRONCHITIS VIRUS VARIANT STRAINS EMPLOYING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES G. Koch, L. Hartog, A. Kant, D. van Roozelaar and G.F. de Boer 128 EFFICIENCY OF OIL ADJUVANTED INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCINES M. Guittet, V. Marius, J.P. Picault, G. Bennejean, H. Lecoq and J. Lamande 139 EVALUATION OF VACCINATION EXPERIMENTS IN BROILER BREEDERS AND LAYERS WITH LIVE VIRUS AND FORMALIN INACTIVATED OIL EMULSION INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCINES E.F. Kaleta and C. Cegla 153 PRELIMINARY RESULTS WITH A COMBINED INACTIVATED NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS (VARIANT STRAIN) VACCINE IN LAYING HENS V. Papparella 159 AN ENTEROTROPIC AVIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS R.C. Jones, M. El Houadfi, J.K.A. Cook and A. Ambali 161 RUNTING IN BROILERS B. Kouwenhoven, M.H. Vertommen and E. Goren 165 RUNTING SYNDROME IN BROILER CHICKENS. EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION STUDIES G. Meulemans, M. Decaesstecker and G. Charlier .• 179 FINDINGS IN HISTORY AND ETIOLOGY OF THE STUNTING SYNDROME IN THE USA D. Gaudry 190 RECENT ADVANCES IN ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS OF BIRDS J.B. McFerran and M.S. McNulty 195 AVIAN INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA CAUSED BY CHICKEN ANAEMIA AGENT (CAA) V. von Bulow, B. Fuchs and R. Rudolph 203 RECENT ADVANCES IN DUCK VIRAL HEPATITIS H. Farmer, W.S.K. Chalmers and P.R. Woolcock 213 DUCK HEPATITIS TYPE 2 ASSOCIATED WITH AN ASTROVIRUS R.E. Gough 223 DUAL INFECTIONS OF DUCKS WITH DERZSY'S DISEASE AND EDS (A-127) VIRUSES A. Cakala, F. Coudert, E. Salamanowicz and L. Cauchy 231 DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF PARVOVIRUS INFECTION OF GEESE (DERZSY'S DISEASE) J. Kisary 239 IX LIST OF PARTICIPANTS BELGIUM Dr. J. KISARY Universite Libre de Bruxelles Laboratoire de Biophysique et Radiobioligie Rue des Chevaux 67 1640 Rhode - Saint Genese Bruxelles. Dr. G. MEULEMANS National Institute for Veterinary Research 99 Groeselenberg B-1180 Bruxelles. Professor H. VINDEVOGEL Clinic of Avian Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liege 45 Rue des V~t~rinaires B-1070 Bruxelles. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Professor E. F. KALETA Institut fur Geflugelkrankheiten Justus - Leibig - Universitat Frankfurter Str 87 D-6300 Giessen. Professor V. VON BULOW Institute of Poultry Diseases Free University of Berlin Koserstrasse 21 D-1000 Berlin 33 (West). FRANCE Dr. G. BENNEJEAN Laboratoire National de Pathologie Aviaire Les Croix B.P.9 22440 Ploufragan. Dr. F. COUDERT INRA Station de Pathologie Aviaire et de Parasitologie 37380 Monnaie. Dr. D. GAUDRY Rh8ne M~rieux 254 Rue Marcel M~rieux 69002 Lyon. Dr. M. GUITTET Laboratoire National de Pathologie Aviaire Les Croix B.P.9 22440 Ploufragan. x Dr. F. LEGROS Laboratoire National de Pathologie Aviaire Les Croix B.P.9 22440 Ploufragan. Dr. J. P. PICAULT Laboratoire National de Pathologie Aviaire Les Croix B.P.9 22440 Ploufragan. GREECE Dr. G. VEIMOS Ministry of Agriculture Directorate of Veterinary Research Acharnon Str. No. 2 10176 Athens. ITALY Dr. P. N. D'APRILE Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Venezie Via G Orus 2 35129 Padova. Dr. V. PAPPARELLA Facolta Veterinaire Via F Delpino 1-80137 Naples. Professor M. PETEK Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Venezie Via G Orus 2 35129 Padova. Dr. G. DI MODUGNO Facolta Veterinaire Vialle de Caduti di Tutte le Gurre 1 Bari. THE NETHERLANDS Dr. F. DAVELAAR Stichting Gezondheidsdienst Voor Pluimvee Oude Rijksstraatweg 43 Postbus 43 3940 AA Doorn. Dr. G. KOCH Central Veterinary Institute Department of Virology PO Box 65 8200 AJ Lelystad. Dr. B. KOUWENHOVEN Stichting Gezondheidsdienst Voor Pluimvee Oud Rijksstraatweg 43 Postbus 43 3940 AA Doorn.