SPIXIANA 27 2 185-190 München, Ol. Juli 2004 ISSN 0341-8391 Actual records of bat ectoparasites in Bavaria (Germany) Doris Rupp, Andreas Zahn & Peter Ludwig ) Rupp, D. & A. Zahn & P. Ludwig (2004): Actual recordsofbatectoparasitesin Bavaria (Germany). -Spixiana 27/2: 185-190 Records of ectoparasites of 19 bat species coilected in Bavaria are presented. Altogether 33 species ofeight parasitic families of tleas (Ischnopsyllidae), batflies (Nycteribiidae), bugs (Cimicidae), mites (Spinturnicidae, Macronyssidae, Trom- biculidae, Sarcoptidae) and ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) were found. Eight species were recorded first time in Bavaria. All coilected parasites are deposited in the collection oftheZoologische Staatsammlung München (ZSM). DorisRupp, GailkircherStr. 7, D-81247München, Germany AndreasZahn,ZoologischesInstitutderLMU, Luisenstr. 14, D-80333München, Germany PeterLudwig, PeterRoseggerStr. 2, D-84478 Waldkraiburg, Germany Introduction investigated. The investigated batsbelonged to the following species (number of individuals in brack- There are only few reports about bat parasites in ets: Barbastelhisbarbastelliis(7)-Eptesicus nilsomi(10) Germany and the Bavarian ectoparasite fauna is -E. serotimis (6)-Myotis bechsteinii(6)-M. brandtii poorlyinvestigatedyet.From1998tili2001westud- (20) - M. daubentonii (282) - M. emarginatus (12) - ied theparasiteloadofbatsinBavaria.Theaimwas M. myotis (367) - M. niystaciinis (79) - M. nattereri togiveanactualoverviewontheectoparasitefauna (42) - Pipistrelhis pipistrcUiis (127) -P. mihusii (6)- ofbats in Bavaria. Nyctahis leisleri (3)-N. noctula (312)-Plccotus aiiri- Most bat parasites show a high degree of host tiis(45)-P. austriacus(17)-Rhiiwlophushipposidews specificity, while some appear to parasitize multi- (1)-R.ferrumequinum (1)- Vespertilio murinus (16). ple hosts (Kulzer 1998, Micherdzinski 1980, Ra- TogetInformation abouttheextentofthepara- dovsky 1967, Schmidt 1987, Stanyukovich 1997). site load we compared the incidence rates and the Bat-associated parasites are well adapted and they maximumnumberofparasitesperbatinsamplesof prefer different places on their hosfs body: fleas, eight bat species (n=882) caught at roosts and in bat-flies, bugs, mites and ticks can be found in the foraging areas (Tab. 1). We counted the number of für. Various mite species are situated on ears, eyes mitesvisibleonbothsidesofthewings(withoutthe or on the wings (Walter 1996). With decreasingbat interfemoral membrane) and also located on the populations in Central Europe, bat parasites are ears. In addition, we spent about 20 seconds for also endangered and some species are regarded as searching each bat forbatflies, fleas, bugs and ticks to be threatened by extinction in Germany. whileblowing the für. Differencesbetween the par- asite load of the sample sites are gi\'en in Zahn & Rupp 2004. Voucherspecimensofeach typeofpar- Sampling techniques asite were preserved in 70% ETOH and identified in thelaboratoryeitherbylightmicroscopyorscan- Bats were caught either at their roosts by hand or ning electron microscopy (SEM: Philips XL 20, for using a net. Otherwere mistnetted atcave entranc- detailed method see Rupp & Ludwig 2000). The es, at creeks or ponds. Dead, injured or exhausted Identification is based on the following keys: Hop- bats living in the care of humans were also exam- kins & Rothschild 1956 (Ischnopsyllidae), Theodor ined. Altogether342dead and 1017livingbatswere 1954 and Theodor & Rothschild 1967 (Nvcteribi- 185 idae), Pericart 1972 (Cimicidae), Nuttall et al. 1908, yukovich 1997 (Macronyssidae: in Macronyssidae 1911 and Sonenshine et al. 1962 (Ixodidae, Argas- only adult females were determined), Dusbabek idae),Stanyukovich1997,Rudnick1960andDusba- 1963 and Fain 1959 (Sarcoptidae) and Oudemans bek1962(Spinturnicidae),Radovsky1967andStan- 1912 (Trombiculidae). When comparing the para- Tab.1. Samplesizesofbatspeciesusedfortheestimationoftheparasiteload. Foreachsamplesite,thelocationof thebats, samplingdates and sample sizes aregiven: Numbersofadultmales, adultfemalesandjuveniles (m/f/j). Cl:Clusterata roost, S/M: roostingsolitaryorinamatinggroup atamaleroost, Ca(n): nettedatacaveentrance, L(n): netted at a lake, Cre(n): netted ata creek. FormaleNyctalus noctula inOctoberitwasnotalwayspossibleto confidently distinguish between adults and juveniles. Consequently we distinguished only between males and females (m/f) forthismonth. Myotis daiibentonü (n=256) M. mystacinus (n=44) Bichlersee(12°07E,47°40'N), Ca (n), 1999: Aug. 0/0/1 Dettendorf(11°58'E,47°49'N), Cre(n), 1998: Apr. 0/8/0, Dettendorf(11°58'E,47°49'N),Cre(n), 1998: Apr.4/0/0, May 1/3/0,Jun. 2/0/0, Aug.4/0/3, Sep. 1/0/3 May 1/0/0, Aug. 3/1/0, Sept. 5/1/4 Ergolding (12°10'E,48°34'N), Cl, 1998:Jun. 0/2/0 Grünbach (12°32'E, 48°12'N), Cre (n), 1998: Sept. 0/1/0 Frasdorf(12°17E, 47°48'N), Cre(n), 1998:Jun. 1/0/0 Kienstein(11°22'E,47°38'N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 0/0/11 Kraiburg (12°25'E, 48°10'N), Cre(n), 1998: May 1/1/0 Kraiburg (12°25'E, 48°10'N), Cre (n), 1999: May 0/1/0, Frauendorf(12°29'E, 48°11N), Cre(n), 1998:Jun. 0/1/0 Aug. 0/0/1 Spielberg (12°16'E, 47°45'N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 1/3/3, Lichtenberg(12°45'E,48°24'N),Cre(n),1998:Aug.0/0/2 Sep.2/0/0 Petting (12°49'E, 47°55'N), Cre (n), 1998:June0/16/1 Türkenbach (12°53'E,48°14'N), Cre(n), 1998: Sep. 0/0/2 Postmünster(12°53'E,48°25'N),L(n), 1999:June0/10/0 M. nattereri (n=28) Spielberg (12°16'E, 47°45'N), Ca (n), 1999: Aug. 11/0/1 Türkenbach(12°53'E,48°14'N),Ca(n), 1999:May1/2/0, Essing(11°47'E, 48°56'N), Ca(n), 1998:Oct. 7/5/6 Sept. 0/0/1 Kerham(12°19'E,48°14'N), Cl, 1998: Sep. 2/0/0 Wald (12°35'E, 48°07'N), Cl, 1999: May 1/6/0, June 3/ Mauern(11°03'E,48°46'N), Ca(n), 1998: Oct. 3/0/0 7/1,July:7/2/13,Aug.0/0/12,Sept.5/0/6,Oct.2/ Spielberg(12°16'E,47°45'N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 2/1/2 0/21,2000: Apr. 6/11/0,May6/12/0,June 10/3/0, Nyctalus noctula (n=221) July7/6/1, Aug. 2/3/7, Sept. 4/1/7, Oct. 0/0/5 Eggenfelden (12°45'E, 48°24'N), S/M, 1998: Aug. 3/1/2 M. emarginatus (n=12) MarktSchwaben(ir52'E,48°11'N),S/M, 1999:Oct.3/6 Kienstein (11°22'E, 47°38'N), Ca (n), 1998: Aug. 0/1/0 Waldkraiburg (12°23'E, 48°12'N), Cl, 1998: Jun. 27/0/0, Maxirain (11°59'E, 47°54'N), Cl, 1998: Jul. 0/4/2. 2001: Sep.0/0/7,1999:Apr.4/7/0,May8/4/0,Jun.10/0/ Sept 1/2/0 0, Jul.12/0/0, Aug. 3/3/8, Sep. 2/0/9, Oct.16/2, Palling (12°38'E, 48°0'N), Cl, 1998:Jul. 0/1/1 2000:Apr. 8/5/0,May 10/0/0,Jun. 15/1/0,Jul. 11/ M. myotis (n=290) 0/0, Aug. 0/0/10, Sep. 1/0/9,Oct.4/0 Wasserburg(12°13'E,48°03'N), Cl, 1999: Oct. 10/0 Au (11°58'E, 47°47'N), Cl, 1998: 6.Apr. 0/11/0, 29.Apr. Pipistrellus pipistrellus (n=15) 0/11/-0, 27.Mai 2/10/0, 21.Jun. 0/0/10, 31.Jun. 2/ 11/7, 13.Jul. 2/6/10, 22.Jul. 0/8/14, 3.Aug. 0/11/9, Baierbach(12°12'E,48°25'N), Cl, 1998:Jul. 0/3/0 19.Aug. 0/8/11, 9.Sep. 0/2/10, 24.Sep. 1/1/13, Buchbach (12°16'E,48°18'N), Cl, 1998:Jul. 0/1/0 15.0ct. 0/0/11, 6. Nov. 0/0/6 Dettendorf(11°58'E, 47°49'N), Cre(n), 1998: May2/3/0 Flossing(12°30'E,48°13'N), Cl, 1998: 27.May 0/3/0 Türkenbach (12°53'E,48°14'N),Cre(n), 1998: May0/3/0 Großhöhenrain(11°54'E,47°55'N),Cl,1998:3.Jun.0/4/0, Kienstein (11°22'E, 47°38'N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 1/1/0, 32.Jun. 1/1/0, Ö.Nov. 0/0/4 Oct.1/0/0 Litzldorf(12°03'E, 47°45'N), Cl, 9.Sep. 0/0/4 Plecotus auritus (n=16) Reisach(12°10'E,47°39'N),Cl,1998:3.Jun.0/3/0,22.Jul.0/ 0/6 Kienstein(11°22'E,47°38'N), Ca (n), 1998: May3/0/0 Rohrdorf(12°10'E,47°47'N),Cl,1998:9.Sep.0/0/3,15.0ct. Mauern(11°03'E,48°46'N), Ca (n), 1998: Oct. 1/0/0 0/0/1 Pfarrkirchen (12°56'E, 48°25'N), CL, 1998: Sep. 0/1/0 Soyen (12°12E,48°06N), Cl, 1998: 27.May0/4/0 Spielberg (12°16'E, 47°45N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 5/0/0, Walchsee(12°19'E,47°39'N),Cl,1998:3.Jun.0/4/0,22.Jul. Sep.1/0/3 0/7/6 Warngau (11°43'E,47°49'N), Cl, 1998, May0/2/0 Severalmale-roosts:S/M,1998:6.Apr.1/0/0,20.May1/ 0/0,27.Mai3/0/0,3.Jun.l/0/0,31.Jun.2/0/0,3.Aug. 4/0/0, 6.Aug. 2/1/0, 19.Aug. 4/2/0, 9.Sep. 4/2/2, 24.Sep. 7/5/1, 15.0ct. 5/2/3 186 Fig.1. MaleofNycteridopsyllaeusarca. Bat-fleasareeyelessandspend theirholelifeonthebatwithexceptionofthe larval stage: theirdevelopmenttakesplacein the faecesofthebatsunderthe roosts. Size: 1820pm. Fig.2. Nycteribiakolenatii. Thewinglessbat-flyresemblesmoreaspiderthanafly.Theyarehighlyspecializedinthe lifeonbats.Thelarvaehatchalreadyoutoftheeggsintotheirmothers.Onlythepupariumisoutsideofthebat.Size: 1800um. Fig. 3. Spinturuixpsi. Spinturnicidae are relativelybigmites. Theegg and larval stageare done inside the mother. They givebirth to the finished protonymph. Size: 800|im. Fig.4. FemaleofMacwmjssusftavus. The small mites ofthegenus Stcatom/ssiis and Mncron/ssiis occur in the füras well ason thewingmembranes. LikeSpinturnicidaeistheirholelifecycleon thebat. Size: 570|am. Site load of bats we distinguished only between sonal differences regarding the infestation could be families (Tab. 2). observed: in wintertime (December to March) the winter-specific fleas Nycteridopsylla eusarca (Fig. 1) and N. lougiceps respectix'elvwerefound whiledur- Results and Discussion ing summertime (April to September) /. ekvigatits and /. octactenus infested the bats. Similarv' the oc- 33speciesofnineparasitefamilies(insectsandmites) currence of N. pentactena on Plecotus in winter is could be found (Tab. 2). Eight species were record- describedbyHurka(1963)and Müller(1989),butin ed for the first timc in Bavaria. our study all samples were obtained in summer, when /. hexacteuus can be found. Therefore the oc- currence of N. peiitacteua in Bavaria during winter Siphonaptera, Ischnopsyllidae can notbe excluded. Fleas were found on 12 different bat species. In Germany 13 flea species of the bat specific family Diptera, Nycteribiidae Ischnopsyllidae are known, nine of them could be confirmed in Bavaria. The infestation levels were Ten species ofbat-tlies were reported from Germa- generally low (Tab.2). The records of Ischiiopsyl- ny(Hurka 1971),butonlyNycteribiakolemtii(Fig.2) liisvariabilis and /. obsciiriisarethe first forthisarea. and Peuecilliiiiamonoceros(preferablyonM\/otisdaii- On Ni/ctalus noctiila and Pipistrelltis pipistrellus sea- bentonii) as well as Basilia nana (on M. bcchstcinii) 187 Tab.2. ParasitesandtheirhostsfoundinBavaria.Inspecieswherelagersamplesweretaken(Tab. 1)theincidence |> rate in % of the bats and the maximum numbers of parasites (max.) are listed. xx=main host, x=casual host; underlined species: new record forBavaria. *=recordedforGermany inliterature,butsampleplaceunknown. InthecaseofMyoüsmyotis,NycteribiidaeandCimicidaewereonlyfoundintheroostofacolonybutnotonthebats. Not included areM. emarginatus, Rhinolophusferrumequinum and Rh. hipposideros. InM. emarginatus 12 individuals were investigated, butjust one ofthemhad a Single, undetermined mite ofthe genus Steatonyssus. In Rhinolophus ferrumequinum(n=l)thetickIxodesvespertilioniswasfoundandinRh.hipposiderosalsoonebatwasinvestigated,but noparasitewasfound. could be found (Tab.2). The records were new for Acari, Astigmata, Sarcoptidae I Bavaria. In literature Nyderibia kolenatü is the most commonbat-fly in Germany (Dietz & Walter 1995, Nycteridocoptes poppei was mainly found on Myotis Hurka 1964, 1971, Hutson 1984, Kock 1973, 1994, myotis andM. daubentonii (Tab. 2). The femalesand Müller 1989, Nowosad 1974, Theodor 1954, Walter larvae live in the patagium and ears, where they 1985, 1996). This Observation is also confirmed for build white ulcers. Bavaria.TherecordofP.monocerosisthemostsouth- estin Europe until now (Rupp 1999). Acari, Prostigmata, Trombiculidae Heteroptera, Cimicidae Trombiciilarussicawasoccasionallyfoundondiffer- ent bat species (Tab.2). The larvae of these pre- InsomeroostsoiMyotismyotis andNyctalusnoctula sumptivepredatorymitesareparasitesonbats.They bugswerefound. RoostsofM. myotiswereinfested suckle lymph preferred on the marginoftheears. withaswellbed-bugs(Cimexlectularius)asbat-bugs (C. dissimilis). For N. noctula only the latter species & could be confirmed. For M. myotis no bugs were Acari, Metastigmata, Ixodidae Argasidae otibmseesrvceadrrioend tbhuegsbawtsh,enbuttheNyycwtealruescnaoucgthutlalesaovmien-g Wefound fourspeciesofticksondifferentbatspe- theirroost in the evening. cies(Tab.2).Thebat-specificArgasvespertilioniswas offenfound, sometimes inhighnumbersespecially on pipistrelles. This species seems to be the most Acari, Mesostigmata, Spintumicidae commonbat-tick in Germany (Walter 1985). Ixodes vespertilionis prefers cave-dwelling bats (Dusbabek These very specific mites exist only on bat wings 1972,Schulze1929).Theirpopulationisregardedas andmanyofthemarehighlyhostspecific(Fig.3).In to be endangered in Germany (Kock 1994, Walter Germany seven species are common, all of them 1992).A. reflexusandI. ricinusarenotbat-associated couldbeconfirmedinBavariaoccuringon11differ- and parasitizejust casual onbats. entbat species (Tab. 2). Spititurnix myotis was most frequentlyfound.Thisspeciesisparasitizingmulti- Acknowledgements plehosts.Theinfestationlevelsinthecoloniesofits main host Myotis myotis were relatively high com- Wewouldliketoexpressourthankstoallpersons,who pared withtheinfestationlevelsofotherSpintumi- supported us in the field or allowed us to study bats cidae and theirhosts (Tab. 2). storied in their freezer. Acari, Mesostigmata, Macronyssidae References Thesesmall mitesoccurinthe für as well as on the Dietz,M.&G.Walter1995.ZurEktoparasitervfaunader wing membranes (Fig.4). Due to the missing of Wasserfledermaus {Myotis daubentoni Kühl, 1819) inDeutschlandunterderbesonderenBerücksichti- literatureaboutthisfamily,onlyadultfemalescould gung der saisonalen Belastung mit der Flughaut- bedefermined.SixspeciesofthegenusSteatonyssus milbe Spinturix andegavinus Deunff, 1977. - Nyc- and Macronyssus were found. The record of Stea- talus 5: 451-468 tonyssus 7wctulus (on Nyctalus noctula) in Bavaria is Dusbabek, F. 1962. Parasitische Fledermausmilben der the firstoutside the formerUSSR (Rupp & Ludwig TschechoslowakeiI.Farn.SpinturnicidaeOUDMS., 2000). 1901 (Acarina,Gamasides).-Gas.Csl.Spol.ent.59: 357-380 188 ^ # ^ c? cy- ^' ^' ^' ^- ^- #• 10 6 6 20 282 367 79 42 3 312 6 127 45 17 16 Bat-fleas 2% 12% 45%54% 19% 40% 13% (Ischnopsyllidae) (2) (3) (6) (4) (3) (3) (2) Iscluiopsylliis hexactemis x xx /. iutcrmediiis x xx x /. elongahts x xx /. Simplex xx xx xx I. obscurus l. octactenus x xx /. variabilis x Nycteridopsylla eusarca xx N. longiceps x Bat-flies 66% 0% <1% (Nycteribiidae) (8) (1) Basilia nana xx Nvcteribia kolenatn xx xx x Penecillidia monoceros x x Bugs 0% 15% (Cimicidae) (4) C;/?!t'.v lectulariits xx Cimex dissimilis xx xx Spintumicidae 65%90% 51% 7% 52% 19% (20) (95) (10) (3) (10) (3) Sp. punctata* xx Sp. acuminatus* xx Spinturnix myoti x xx x x Sp. mystacinus xx x Sp. plecotiniis* xx Sp. carnifex* xx 5^. andegavinus* xx Macronyssidae 69% 69% 7% 50% 98% 67% (78) (230) (8) (8) (178) (45) Steatonyssus spinosus* xx St. noctulus St. periblepharus* St. occidentalis* Macronyssusflavus X X XX XX M. kolcnatü* Sarcoptidae 5% 8% 5"o (3) (2) (12) Nycteridocoptes spec. (N. poppei) XX XX X Trombiculidae 1% 18% l"o 13".. (2) (12) (13) (1) Tnvnbiciiln spec. (T. nissica) \ \ X \ \ \ \ Ticks: Ixodidae 3% 2% (2) (2) Ixodes ricinus xx Ix. vesperfilionis* \ Ticks: Argasidae 2% 1% 1% 2% 33% XXX (9) (10) (2) (6) (7) Argas vespertilionis X XX X A. reflcxus 189 — 1963. Parasitische Fledermausmilben der Tschech- Nuttall, G. H. F., C. Warburton, W. F. Cooper & L. E. oslowakeiIV.Farn.Trombiculidae,Sarcoptidae,Ix- Robinson 1908. Part I: The Argasidae: 1-103. - In odidae, Argasidae und Dermanyssidae (Acarina, Ticks, a monograph ofthe Ixodoidea, Cambridge Trombidiformes). -Cas. Csl. Spol. ent. 60: 332-340 -- ,--,--&-- 1911. PartII: Ixodidae: 105-346. -In —- 1972. The zone ofbat acarinia in central Europe. - Ticks, a monograph ofthe Ixodoidea, Cambridge Folia Parasitol. 19: 139-154 Oudemans, A. C. 1912. Die bis jetzt bekannten Larven Fain, A. 1959. Les acariens psoriques parasites des von Trombidiidae und Erythraeidae. - Zool. Jahr- chauves-souris: VII. 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