ActiSovlea rS ystems SolaHre aTtec hnologiFues:nd amentaalnds A pplications CharlAe.Bs a nksteodni,t or-in-chief 1.H istoryO vaenrdv ioefSw o laHre atTe chnolgoies DonalAd.B eattediiet,o r 2.S olaRre sources RolanLd.H ulstroemd,i rt o 3.E conomAinacl ysoifSs o laTrh ermaEln erSgyys tems RonaldE .W estan d Frank Kreietdhi,t ors 4.F undamentals ofB uilgdE innerDgyyn amics Bruce Hunn, editor 5.S olmC ollectEonerrsg,yS toraagnedM, a terials Francis deW inteedri,t or 6.A ctive SolaSry stems George LOf,edi tor 7. PassiSovel aBru ildings J.Do uglas Balcombedi,to r 8. PasCsioveo ling JeffreyC ooke, ditor 9.S olmB uildAirncgh itecture Bruc:e Anderson, edi tor 10.mp leIme nttainoo fS olaTrh ermTaelc hnology RonalLa rsoann dR onalEd.W est, editors ActivSeo laSry stems editbeydG eorgLeo r TheM ITP ress CambridgMea,s sachusetts LondoEnn,gl and © 199Mas3sa cbusettsI nstituotfTe e cbnology Allri ghtresesrv ed. No parto ftb sibo okm aybe reproduicendan y foromr b ya ny electroonrmi ecc hanimcaela n(si nclupdhiontgoc opyirnecog,rd ingo,r i nformatisotnor age andr etriewviatlh)ope urmti ssioinnw ritinfgr omt bpeu blisher. Thibso okwas seti nT imesR omanb yAsc o TradTey pesettinLgt dH.o,n gK onga,n d was printaenddb ounbdy i nt heU nited Statoesf A merica. LibraoryfC ongressC ataloging-in-PuDbaltiac ation Actisvoel sayrs teIem ds itedb yG eorgLeo f. p. cm.-(Solahrea tt echnolo6g)i es; Inclubdiebslio graprehfiecarle nacesn di ndex. ISBN9 78-0-262-(1h2e1alk6..7p :-a 5p er) 1S.o laern erg2y.S. o labre atin3g.S.o laaric ro nditioning. I.LO r,G eorgeO .G .I ISe.r ies. TJ809.9S.S16988 v8o l6. [rJ810J 697'.s7-8d c20 [621.47J 92-25252 CIP Contents SeriFeosr ewobrydC harlAe.sB ankston ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii I DesigAnn,a lyasnCidos n,t Mreotlh ods 1 1 OvervoifMe odwe lianngSd im ulation 3 JohnA .D uffie 2 DetaSiilmeudl Maettihoodansn Vd a lidation 19 WilliAa.mB eckman 3 DesigMne thofdoAsrc tSiovleSa yrs tems 39 S.A .K lein 4 ContirnoA lctsSi ovleEa nre rSgyys tems 81 C.B yroWni nn 5 OptimSuyms tDeesmi gTne chniques 151 JeffM orehouse n SolaWra tHeera ting 181 6 SolWaart eHrea ting-IntraonSdduu mcmtairoyn 183 GeorgLeO f 7 HoWta tSeyrs tSeymsste:Cm o nceapnDtsdes ign 193 ElmeSrt reed 8 TheP erfocreom fRa esnideSonltaiHrao lWt a tSeyrs tine ms theF ield 271 WilliSatmo ney 9 MechaniPcaelr foramnaRdne clei ability 299 R.M .W olosewicz 10 Costso fC ommerScoilaHalor Wt a tSeysrt ems 355 ThomaKsi nga ndJ effS hingleton vi Contents m SolSapra Hceaet ing 399 11 SpaHceea tSiynsgt ems-IntarnSodduu mcmtairoyn 401 GeorgLeo r 12 SpaHceaet iSnygs:t Ceomn ceapnDtsdes ign 411 S.K araki 13 SystPeemr formance 465 CharlSemsi th 14 PerforomfRa enscied eannCdto imamle rcSiyaslt ems 511 S.M .E mbrey 15 CostosfS olSapra Hcee atSiynsgt ems 551 ThomaKsi nga ndJ effS hingleton 16 CommunSictaSyly es tSeemass:o nal TheSrtmoarla gEen ergy anCde ntSroalHlae ra tPilnagwn itstS he asSotnoarla ge 563 DwaynSe. B reger IV SolCaoro ling 613 17 ResearacnNhde wC oncepts 615 NoamL ior 18 SolCaoro ling-InatnrSdoduu mcmtairoyn 675 MichaWealh lig 19 MechaniScyaslta enmCdso mponents 693 HenrMy. C urran 20 AbsorptSiyosnt aenmCdso mponents 747 MichaWealh lig 21 DesicScyasnttae nmCdso mponents 855 JohnM itchell Contents vii 11 ComparPaetirvfeo ramndaC nceos tso fSo larC oolingS ystems8 89 MashuWria rren Contributors 935 Index 945 Series Foreword CharAl.Baes n kston Thisse rioefvs o lumseusm marirzeesse ardcehv,e lopmaenndit m,p lemen­ tatioofns olatrh ermeanle rgcyo nverstieocnh nolocgiaersr ioeudtu nder federsaplo nsorsdhuirpi ntgh el asetl evyeena rosf t heN ationSaoll ar EnergPyr ograDmu.r intgh epe riofdr o1m 97t5o 1 986th,eU .SD.e part­ mento fE nergyO'ffisc eo fS olaHre atT echnologisepse nmto ret ha$n1 .1 billoinor ne seaarncdhd evelopmdeenmto,n straatnidto enc,h nolsougpy­ porptr ojeacntdst ,h Nea tionTaeclh nicIanlf ormaCteinotnae drd emdo re tha3n0 ,00t0i tolnes so lhaera tte chnolotgioie tshs o ldinSgoms u.c hw ork wasd onei ns ucah s horpetr ioodf t imteh alti tattltee ntciooulndb ep aid tot heo rderrleyv ieewv,al uatiaonnda, r chirveaplo rtoiftn hges ignificant results. Inr espontsote h ec oncernt hatth er esulotfts h en ationparlo gram mighbet lostth,i dso cumentaptrioojnew catsc onceiveIdtw. a si nitiated in1 98b2y F rederiHc.kM orseD,i recotfot rh eO ffice ofS olaHre aTte ch­ nologieDse,p artmoenfEt n ergwyh,o h ads ervaesdt echniccoaolr dinator ofth1e 97N2S FfNASAs tud"yS olEanre rgaysa N ationRaels ourtceh"a t helpsetda trhtNe a tionSaoll aErn ergPyr ogramT.h ep urpoosfet hep roj­ echta sb eetno c onduac tth orouogbhj,ec titveceh nicaasls essmoeftn hte findinogfts h ef edeprraolgr amu sinlge adienxgpe rtfsr obmo tthh ep ublic andp rivasteec toarnsdt, o d ocumetnhte m osts ignificaandvta nceasn d findinThges .r esulting vaorlenue mietsh hearn dboonkosrt extboboukts , benchmaraks sessmoefnt thses taotfet echnolaongdcy o mpendioafi m­ portant rTehseurlietsa s h.i storfliacvaoltr o m anyo ft hec haptearnsd, volume1 o ft hes eriwilesl offearc omprehenosvievrev ioeftw h pe rograms, butt hee mphasis thriosuo gnreh souultrt ast htehra hni story. Theg oaolf t hes eriiests o p rovibdoet ha startpionignf to rt hen ew researacnhdea r r eferetnoceof lo trh ee xperienwceodr keIrts. h ouladl so servteh nee edosfg overnmeanntd p rivate-sectowrh owo affinctti oase les whatp rograhmasv ael readybe ent riaendd w hati mpactth ehya vhea d. Andi ts houlbed are sourcef oern treprenewuhross tea lenltiisen t rans­ latirensge arrcehs uilnttspo r actical products. Thes copeo ft hes eriiesbs r oabdu tn otu niverIstia sll .i mittedos olar technolotgiheacsto nvesrutn litgohh te aitn o rdert op roviednee rgfoyr applicaitnti hobenu ildiinng,d ustarnidalp ,o wesre ctoTrhsu.si te xplicitly excludpehso tovolatnadib ci ologiecnaelr gcyo nversainodns ucht her- x SeriFeosr eword malldyr ivperno cesassew si ndh,y droa,n do ceatnh ermpaolw erE.v en witthh ilsi mitattihoonu,gt hh,es eriaesss embal deasu ntianmgo unotf informatIitro enp.r estehnetc so llecetffoirvteos f m oret ha2n00 authors ande ditoTrhse.v olumeasr el ogicaldliyv idiendt toh osdee aliwnigt h genertaolp iscusc ahs t hea vailability,s tcoorlalagenecd,et cioonno,m ic analyosfis so laerne ragnyd t hosdee aliwnigt ahp plications. Volum6e c ovearcst isvoel asrs teomfsb uildiinngc,l udsiencgt ioonn s domestaincdc ommerciwaalt ehre ating, reasnidcd oemnmteiracli al space heatianngd,r esidenatnidca olm mercial cosopalceiT nhge.e mphasiins thivso lumiess ystetmhse:di ers ign, analysis,a npeder cfoonrommainccse., Mosto ft hea ctisvoel asry stedmess criibnet dh ivso lumaer en otn ow commercpiraold ucMtasn.y w erbeu ialntd t estaesdp arotf t her esearch andd evelopmoernt th ed emonstraptrioognr acmasr rioeudtb y the DepartmoefnE tn ergDye,p artmoefnH to usianngd U rbaDne velopment, ando thefre dearnadls taatgee nciHeosw.e vetrh,se c opeo fs ystecmosv ered isv erbyr oaadn di ncluvdierst ueavlelrycy o nfiguratthiaohtna sb eebnu ilt andt estteodd ate. Ther eadweirt ahn i nterienas ctt isvyes tefmosrb uildianpglsi cations maya lswoa ntt oc onsuvlotl um5e,w hiccho vetrhse c omponenatnsd materioalfas c tisvyes tevmosl,u m4e,w hicthr eatthsfe u ndamenteanle rgy dynamiocfsb uildianngdsv ,o lum9e,w hicdhe alwsi tthh ea rchitectural integraotfei noenr sgyys teamnsdb uildings. Volume5sa nd6 togetchoenrs tiat cuotmep rehencsoimvpee ndioufm ther esuolfta sc tisvoel arre seadrecvhe lopmaennddt e monstraptrioo­n grams spamnonrietn hga and ecadaen da h alTfh.e yc oveerv erays peocft actisvoel atre chnolofgireosmm ateriparlo perttois eyss tepme rformance ande conomiacnsd,t het reatmoefnt to pircasn gefsr omf undamental physitcops r actiacpalp licatdiaotnaAs.n yonwei tahn i nterienas ctt ive solatre chnolforgoymt, h er esearcthote hred ecismiaokne tro t hee nd usewri,l filn dt hestew ov olumaet sr easturroevo efv aluaibnlfeo rmation. Preface Thet erm" actisvoel asry stemissc" o mmonlayp pliteoda ssembloife s equipmetnhta ptr ovide heatingo,rh octwo aotleiirnn dg w,e llianngds commercial buUisludailenlgxysc .l udiesed q uipmetnhtas tu ppleileesc ­ tricoirtp yr oducotfbs i ological prAolcseeoxs csleusd.ae rdme a teriaanlds designtsh abty,pe rmittitnhgpe a ssisvuep polCys oleanre rtgoya b uilding, usualtlhyr ouwgihn dowosro thetrr anspaarnednt tr anslusceunrtf aces, can redutceh ed emanfdo cro nventieonnearlg y. Asw itthh eo thebro okisn t hisse ritehsep, r imapryu rpoosfet hivso l­ umei st hed ocumentaotfit oenc hnolopgircoaglr aamnsd d evelopments, supporptreidm arbiylt yh eU .SD.e partmeonfEt n ergwyh,i cCha cilitated thep ractiucsaeol f s olaern ergTyh.re ei nterreltaetcehdn oloagriee s covered-thheea tionfgw atefro rc onsumptuisvees, p aceh eatiinng buildianngdst ,h eu seo fs olaern erignye quipmefnotcr o olibnugi ldings. Simileaqru ipmesnutc,ash solacro llectanodr hse astt oraugnei tissu, s ed inal lt hreea pplicatOitohnescr.o mponenCtoser,x amplteh,es ubsystems produccionlgaird orc olwda tebry u se ofa s olhaera stu pplayr,es pecific toa p articauplpalri cation. Thef ederaplr ograimn,i tiaitne1 d9 7a3n dfi rscto nductbeyd t he NationSacli enFceo undati(oNSnF )n,e xbty t heE nergRye searacnhd Development Administraatnidot nh eb(nyE t RhDeAD )e,p artmeonCt Energ(yD OE)p,r ovidmeods to ft hefi nancial souCpt phoerr ets earch, developmaenndtd ,e monstraotfit ohne stee chnoloSgiteasr.t iwnigt h a verlyi mitbeads ei,n vestigianut noirvse rlsaibtoyr atogroiveesrnm,e nt researccehn terasn,d i ni ndustsruycce ssfulldye velopetdh et echnology necessafroycr o mmercialiozfsa otliaeornn e ruseg y inb uildings. Althoutghhef ederafulnldye dp rogrami st hep rincispuablj eocCtt his booke,a rldieevre lopmaenndts so mep rojescptosn sobryeo dt heorr gani­ zationasr ea lsion cludTehde.e xteonftal lt hesaec tiviitsmi uecsh t oo largfeo dre scrialbilon fgt hemo rf odre tailainnyog ft hemi nt hisb ook. ReCerences accompeaancyinchgh aptoeffre rre adearnso pportunittoy obtaaidnd itiionnfaolr maotnit ohnev ariotuosp ics. HistoPreirscapeclt ive Priort ot hes tarotfU .Sg.o vernments uppoorfts olaern ergreys earch in1 97t3h,es tate-of-itnsh oe-laaerrnt e rfgoybr u ildirnagnsg efdr omt he useo fp ractirceasli denstoilaawlra tehre atiinnwg a rm climattoen se gli-