The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing TheTextileInstituteisauniqueorganisationintextiles,clothingandfootwear.Incor- poratedinEnglandbyaRoyalChartergrantedin1925,theInstitutehasindividualand corporate members in over 90 countries. The aim of the Institute is to facilitate learning, recognise achievement, reward excellence and disseminate information within theglobal textiles, clothing and footwear industries. Historically,TheTextileInstitutehaspublishedbooksofinteresttoitsmembersand thetextileindustry.Tomaintainthispolicy,theInstitutehasenteredintopartnership withWoodheadPublishingLimitedtoensurethatInstitutemembersandthetextilein- dustrycontinuetohaveaccesstohighcalibretitlesontextilescienceandtechnology. Most Woodhead titles on textiles are now published in collaboration with The Textile Institute. Through this arrangement, the Institute provides an Editorial Board which advises Woodhead on appropriate titles for future publication and suggests possibleeditorsandauthorsforthesebooks.Eachbookpublishedunderthisarrange- ment carries theInstitute’slogo. WoodheadbookspublishedincollaborationwithTheTextileInstituteareofferedto Textile Institutemembers at a substantialdiscount. These books, together with those publishedbyTheTextileInstitutethatarestillinprint,areofferedontheElsevierweb- siteat:http://store.elsevier.com/.TextileInstitutebooksstillinprintarealsoavailable directly from the Institute’s web site at: www.textileinstitutebooks.com/. AlistofWoodheadbooksontextilesscienceandtechnology,mostofwhichhave beenpublishedincollaborationwiththeTextileInstitute,canbefoundtowardstheend of thecontents pages. Relatedtitles FunctionalFinishesforTextiles (ISBN978-0-85709-839-9) AdvancesinShapeMemoryPolymers (ISBN978-0-85709-852-8) WoodheadPublishing (ISBN978-0-85709-843-6) Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 176 Active Coatings for Smart Textiles Edited by Jinlian Hu AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)CAMBRIDGE(cid:129)HEIDELBERG LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UK 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyand thesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof productsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-08-100263-6(print) ISBN:978-0-08-100265-0(online) ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionEditor:DavidJackson EditorialProjectManager:EdwardPayne ProductionProjectManager:DebasishGhosh Designer:VickyPearsonEsser TypesetbyTNQBooksandJournals List of contributors R. Alagirusamy Indian Instituteof Technology Delhi, Delhi,India F. Alimohammadi Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Young Researchers and Elites Club, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran H. Cao University of Delaware,Newark, DE, United States A. Das Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India I. De Vilder Centexbel, Textile Competence Centre, Ghent,Belgium H. Fan Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China P. Heyse Centexbel,Textile CompetenceCentre, Ghent,Belgium J.L.Hu InstituteofTextilesandClothing,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity, Hung Hom, Hong Kong D. Jocic University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia C.-W.Kan The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong A. Kaynak Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia J. Kiwi EcolePolytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland L. Leclercq Lille University, Science and Technology, Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France N. Lin Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China G. Liu ZhejiangSci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China X.Y.Liu ResearchInstituteforBiomimeticsandSoftMatter,FujianProvincialKey Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department ofPhysics, FOS,National University of Singapore,Singapore J. Lu Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong M. Manshahia AmityUniversity, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India R.E. Meirowitz RnD Technical Solutions Inc., San Diego, CA,UnitedStates xii Listofcontributors V.K.Midha National Instituteof Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, India A. Mukhopadhyay NationalInstitute ofTechnology Jalandhar, Punjab, India E. Pakdel Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia M. Parvinzadeh Gashti Young Researchers and Elites Club, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran A. Ritter RitterArchitekten, Germany S. Rtimi Ecole Polytechnique FédéraledeLausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland F. Salau€n University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; ENSAIT, GEMTEX, Roubaix, France J. Shao Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China M. Vanneste Centexbel,Textile CompetenceCentre, Ghent,Belgium C. Wang Jiangnan University, Wuxi,China Y. Yin JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi,China L. Zhou Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou,China Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles 1 Watson’stextiledesignandcolourSeventhedition EditedbyZ.Grosicki 2 Watson’sadvancedtextiledesign EditedbyZ.Grosicki 3 WeavingSecondedition P.R.LordandM.H.Mohamed 4 HandbookoftextilefibresVolume1:Naturalfibres J.GordonCook 5 HandbookoftextilefibresVolume2:Man-madefibres J.GordonCook 6 Recyclingtextileandplasticwaste EditedbyA.R.Horrocks 7 NewfibersSecondedition T.HonguandG.O.Phillips 8 AtlasoffibrefractureanddamagetotextilesSecondedition J.W.S.Hearle,B.LomasandW.D.Cooke 9 Ecotextile’98 EditedbyA.R.Horrocks 10 Physicaltestingoftextiles B.P.Saville 11 Geometricsymmetryinpatternsandtilings C.E.Horne 12 Handbookoftechnicaltextiles EditedbyA.R.HorrocksandS.C.Anand 13 Textilesinautomotiveengineering W.FungandJ.M.Hardcastle 14 Handbookoftextiledesign J.Wilson 15 High-performancefibres EditedbyJ.W.S.Hearle 16 KnittingtechnologyThirdedition D.J.Spencer 17 Medicaltextiles EditedbyS.C.Anand 18 Regeneratedcellulosefibres EditedbyC.Woodings 19 Silk,mohair,cashmereandotherluxuryfibres EditedbyR.R.Franck xiv WoodheadPublishingSeriesinTextiles 20 Smartfibres,fabricsandclothing EditedbyX.M.Tao 21 Yarntexturingtechnology J.W.S.Hearle,L.HollickandD.K.Wilson 22 Encyclopediaoftextilefinishing H.-K.Rouette 23 Coatedandlaminatedtextiles W.Fung 24 Fancyyarns R.H.GongandR.M.Wright 25 Wool:Scienceandtechnology EditedbyW.S.SimpsonandG.Crawshaw 26 Dictionaryoftextilefinishing H.-K.Rouette 27 Environmentalimpactoftextiles K.Slater 28 Handbookofyarnproduction P.R.Lord 29 Textileprocessingwithenzymes EditedbyA.Cavaco-PauloandG.G€ubitz 30 TheChinaandHongKongdenimindustry Y.Li,L.YaoandK.W.Yeung 31 TheWorldTradeOrganizationandinternationaldenimtrading Y.Li,Y.Shen,L.YaoandE.Newton 32 Chemicalfinishingoftextiles W.D.SchindlerandP.J.Hauser 33 Clothingappearanceandfit J.Fan,W.YuandL.Hunter 34 Handbookoffibreropetechnology H.A.McKenna,J.W.S.HearleandN.O’Hear 35 Structureandmechanicsofwovenfabrics J.L.Hu 36 Syntheticfibres:Nylon,polyester,acrylic,polyolefin EditedbyJ.E.McIntyre 37 Woollenandworstedwovenfabricdesign E.G.Gilligan 38 Analyticalelectrochemistryintextiles P.Westbroek,G.PriniotakisandP.Kiekens 39 Bastandotherplantfibres R.R.Franck 40 Chemicaltestingoftextiles EditedbyQ.Fan 41 Designandmanufactureoftextilecomposites EditedbyA.C.Long 42 Effectofmechanicalandphysicalpropertiesonfabrichand EditedbyH.M.Behery 43 Newmillenniumfibers T.Hongu,M.TakigamiandG.O.Phillips WoodheadPublishingSeriesinTextiles xv 44 Textilesforprotection EditedbyR.A.Scott 45 Textilesinsport EditedbyR.Shishoo 46 Wearableelectronicsandphotonics EditedbyX.M.Tao 47 Biodegradableandsustainablefibres EditedbyR.S.Blackburn 48 Medicaltextilesandbiomaterialsforhealthcare EditedbyS.C.Anand,M.Miraftab,S.RajendranandJ.F.Kennedy 49 Totalcolourmanagementintextiles EditedbyJ.Xin 50 Recyclingintextiles EditedbyY.Wang 51 Clothingbiosensoryengineering Y.LiandA.S.W.Wong 52 Biomechanicalengineeringoftextilesandclothing EditedbyY.LiandD.X.-Q.Dai 53 Digitalprintingoftextiles EditedbyH.Ujiie 54 Intelligenttextilesandclothing EditedbyH.R.Mattila 55 Innovationandtechnologyofwomen’sintimateapparel W.Yu,J.Fan,S.C.HarlockandS.P.Ng 56 Thermalandmoisturetransportinfibrousmaterials EditedbyN.PanandP.Gibson 57 Geosyntheticsincivilengineering EditedbyR.W.Sarsby 58 Handbookofnonwovens EditedbyS.Russell 59 Cotton:Scienceandtechnology EditedbyS.GordonandY.-L.Hsieh 60 Ecotextiles EditedbyM.MiraftabandA.R.Horrocks 61 Compositeformingtechnologies EditedbyA.C.Long 62 Plasmatechnologyfortextiles EditedbyR.Shishoo 63 Smarttextilesformedicineandhealthcare EditedbyL.VanLangenhove 64 Sizinginclothing EditedbyS.Ashdown 65 Shapememorypolymersandtextiles J.L.Hu 66 Environmentalaspectsoftextiledyeing EditedbyR.Christie 67 Nanofibersandnanotechnologyintextiles EditedbyP.BrownandK.Stevens xvi WoodheadPublishingSeriesinTextiles 68 PhysicalpropertiesoftextilefibresFourthedition W.E.MortonandJ.W.S.Hearle 69 Advancesinapparelproduction EditedbyC.Fairhurst 70 Advancesinfireretardantmaterials EditedbyA.R.HorrocksandD.Price 71 Polyestersandpolyamides EditedbyB.L.Deopura,R.Alagirusamy,M.JoshiandB.S.Gupta 72 Advancesinwooltechnology EditedbyN.A.G.JohnsonandI.Russell 73 Militarytextiles EditedbyE.Wilusz 74 3Dfibrousassemblies:Properties,applicationsandmodellingof three-dimensionaltextilestructures J.L.Hu 75 Medicalandhealthcaretextiles EditedbyS.C.Anand,J.F.Kennedy,M.MiraftabandS.Rajendran 76 Fabrictesting EditedbyJ.L.Hu 77 Biologicallyinspiredtextiles EditedbyA.AbbottandM.Ellison 78 Frictionintextilematerials EditedbyB.S.Gupta 79 Textileadvancesintheautomotiveindustry EditedbyR.Shishoo 80 Structureandmechanicsoftextilefibreassemblies EditedbyP.Schwartz 81 Engineeringtextiles:Integratingthedesignandmanufactureoftextileproducts EditedbyY.E.El-Mogahzy 82 Polyolefinfibres:Industrialandmedicalapplications EditedbyS.C.O.Ugbolue 83 Smartclothesandwearabletechnology EditedbyJ.McCannandD.Bryson 84 Identificationoftextilefibres EditedbyM.Houck 85 Advancedtextilesforwoundcare EditedbyS.Rajendran 86 Fatiguefailureoftextilefibres EditedbyM.Miraftab 87 Advancesincarpettechnology EditedbyK.Goswami 88 HandbookoftextilefibrestructureVolume1andVolume2 EditedbyS.J.Eichhorn,J.W.S.Hearle,M.JaffeandT.Kikutani 89 Advancesinknittingtechnology EditedbyK.-F.Au 90 Smarttextilecoatingsandlaminates EditedbyW.C.Smith 91 Handbookoftensilepropertiesoftextileandtechnicalfibres EditedbyA.R.Bunsell WoodheadPublishingSeriesinTextiles xvii 92 Interiortextiles:Designanddevelopments EditedbyT.Rowe 93 Textilesforcoldweatherapparel EditedbyJ.T.Williams 94 Modellingandpredictingtextilebehaviour EditedbyX.Chen 95 Textiles,polymersandcompositesforbuildings EditedbyG.Pohl 96 Engineeringapparelfabricsandgarments J.FanandL.Hunter 97 Surfacemodificationoftextiles EditedbyQ.Wei 98 Sustainabletextiles EditedbyR.S.Blackburn 99 Advancesinyarnspinningtechnology EditedbyC.A.Lawrence 100 Handbookofmedicaltextiles EditedbyV.T.Bartels 101 Technicaltextileyarns EditedbyR.AlagirusamyandA.Das 102 Applicationsofnonwovensintechnicaltextiles EditedbyR.A.Chapman 103 Colourmeasurement:Principles,advancesandindustrialapplications EditedbyM.L.Gulrajani 104 Fibrousandcompositematerialsforcivilengineeringapplications EditedbyR.Fangueiro 105 Newproductdevelopmentintextiles:Innovationandproduction EditedbyL.Horne 106 Improvingcomfortinclothing EditedbyG.Song 107 Advancesintextilebiotechnology EditedbyV.A.NierstraszandA.Cavaco-Paulo 108 Textilesforhygieneandinfectioncontrol EditedbyB.McCarthy 109 Nanofunctionaltextiles EditedbyY.Li 110 Joiningtextiles:Principlesandapplications EditedbyI.JonesandG.Stylios 111 Softcomputingintextileengineering EditedbyA.Majumdar 112 Textiledesign EditedbyA.Briggs-GoodeandK.Townsend 113 Biotextilesasmedicalimplants EditedbyM.W.King,B.S.GuptaandR.Guidoin 114 Textilethermalbioengineering EditedbyY.Li 115 Woventextilestructure B.K.BeheraandP.K.Hari