B u i l d i n g An ACI Standard and Report C o d e Building Code Requirements R e 38800 Country Club Drive q Farmington Hills, MI 48331 USA u for Structural Concrete i +1.248.848.3700 r e www.concrete.org m (ACI 318-14) e n t s f Commentary on o r S The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is a leading authority and resource t Building Code Requirements r u worldwide for the development and distribution of consensus-based c t standards and technical resources, educational programs, and certifications u for Structural Concrete r for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design, construction, a l and materials, who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete. C (ACI 318R-14) o n Individuals interested in the activities of ACI are encouraged to explore the c r ACI website for membership opportunities, committee activities, and a wide e t Reported by ACI Committee 318 variety of concrete resources. As a volunteer member-driven organization, e ( ACI invites partnerships and welcomes all concrete professionals who wish to A 4 C be part of a respected, connected, social group that provides an opportunity I 3 for professional growth, networking, and enjoyment. 1 1 8 - 1 - 4 ) a 8 n d C 1 o m 3 m e n t a r I y C ( A C I 3 9 780870 319303 A 1 8 R - 1 4 ) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) An ACI Standard Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-14) An ACI Report Reported by ACI Committee 318 Randall W. Poston, Chair Basile G. Rabbat, Secretary VOTING MAIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS Neal S. Anderson Anthony E. Fiorato James O. Jirsa David M. Rogowsky Florian G. Barth Catherine E. French Dominic J. Kelly David H. Sanders Roger J. Becker Robert J. Frosch Gary J. Klein Guillermo Santana Kenneth B. Bondy Luis E. Garcia Ronald Klemencic Thomas C. Schaeffer Dean A. Browning Brian C. Gerber Cary Kopczynski Stephen J. Seguirant James R. Cagley S. K. Ghosh Colin L. Lobo Andrew W. Taylor Ned M. Cleland David P. Gustafson Paul F. Mlakar James K. Wight W. Gene Corley* James R. Harris Jack P. Moehle Sharon L. Wood Ronald A. Cook Terence C. Holland Lawrence C. Novak Loring A. Wyllie Jr. Charles W. Dolan Shyh-Jiann Hwang Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos VOTING SUBCOMMITTEE MEMBERS Raul D. Bertero Harry A. Gleich Joe Maffei M. Saiid Saiidi Allan P. Bommer H. R. Trey Hamilton Donald F. Meinheit Andrea J. Schokker John F. Bonacci R. Doug Hooton Fred Meyer John F. Silva Patricio Bonelli Kenneth C. Hover Suzanne Dow Nakaki John F. Stanton Sergio F. Breña Steven H. Kosmatka Theodore L. Neff Roberto Stark JoAnn P. Browning Michael E. Kreger Viral B. Patel Bruce A. Suprenant Nicholas J. Carino Jason J. Krohn Conrad Paulson John W. Wallace David Darwin Daniel A. Kuchma Jose A. Pincheira W. Jason Weiss Jeffrey J. Dragovich Andres Lepage Carin L. Roberts-Wollmann Fernando V. Yáñez Kenneth J. Elwood Raymond Lui Mario E. Rodríguez Lisa R. Feldman LeRoy A. Lutz Bruce W. Russell INTERNATIONAL LIAISON MEMBERS F. Michael Bartlett Luis B. Fargier-Gabaldon Angel E. Herrera Patricio A. Placencia Mathias Brewer Alberto Giovambattista Hector Monzon-Despang Oscar M. Ramirez Josef Farbiarz Hector Hernandez Enrique Pasquel Fernando Reboucas Stucchi CONSULTING MEMBERS Sergio M. Alcocer Neil M. Hawkins James G. MacGregor Julio A. Ramirez John E. Breen H. S. Lew Robert F. Mast Charles G. Salmon* *Deceased. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any ACI 318-14 supersedes ACI 318-11, was adopted August 29, 2014, and published means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or September 2014. mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc- Copyright © 2014, American Concrete Institute. tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 1 First Printing September 2014 ISBN: 978-0-87031-930-3 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. 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American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: +1.248.848.3700 Fax: +1.248.848.3701 www.concrete.org 2 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-14) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-14) 3 PREFACE TO ACI 318-14 The “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” (“Code”) provides minimum requirements for the materials, design, and detailing of structural concrete buildings and, where applicable, nonbuilding structures. This Code addresses struc- tural systems, members, and connections, including cast-in-place, precast, plain, nonprestressed, prestressed, and composite construction. Among the subjects covered are: design and construction for strength, serviceability, and durability; load combi- nations, load factors, and strength reduction factors; structural analysis methods; deflection limits; mechanical and adhesive anchoring to concrete; development and splicing of reinforcement; construction document information; field inspection and testing; and methods to evaluate the strength of existing structures. “Building Code Requirements for Concrete Thin Shells” (ACI 318.2) is adopted by reference in this Code. The Code user will find that ACI 318-14 has been substantially reorganized and reformatted from previous editions. The principal objectives of this reorganization are to present all design and detailing requirements for structural systems or for indi- vidual members in chapters devoted to those individual subjects, and to arrange the chapters in a manner that generally follows the process and chronology of design and construction. Information and procedures that are common to the design of members are located in utility chapters. The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard speci- fications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate American Welding Society (AWS) standard. Uses of the Code include adoption by reference in a general building code, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The Code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the Code provisions cannot be included within the Code itself. The Commentary is provided for this purpose. Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the Code are discussed within the Commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the Code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the Code are also cited. Technical changes from ACI 318-11 to ACI 318-14 are outlined in the May 2014 issue of Concrete International. Transition keys showing how the code was reorganized are provided on the ACI website on the 318 Resource Page under Topics in Concrete. KEYWORDS admixtures; aggregates; anchorage (structural); beam-column frame; beams (supports); building codes; cements; cold weather construction; columns (supports); combined stress; composite construction (concrete and steel); composite construc- tion (concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concrete construction; concrete slabs; concretes; construction joints; continuity (structural); contract documents; contraction joints; cover; curing; deep beams; deflections; earthquake-resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; folded plates; footings; formwork (construction); frames; hot weather construction; inspection; isolation joints; joints (junctions); joists; lightweight concretes; load tests (structural); loads (forces); materials; mixing; mixture proportioning; modulus of elasticity; moments; pipe columns; pipes (tubing); placing; plain concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; quality control; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steels; roofs; serviceability; shear strength; shear walls; shells (structural forms); spans; splicing; strength; strength analysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams; torsion; walls; water; welded wire reinforcement. NOTES FROM THE PUBLISHER ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This commentary (318R-14) is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the information it contains. ACI disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising there from. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/ Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. The materials, processes, quality control measures, and inspections described in this document should be tested, monitored, or performed as applicable only by individuals holding the appropriate ACI Certification or equivalent. ACI 318-14, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, and ACI 318R-14, Commentary, are presented in a side- by-side column format. These are two separate but coordinated documents, with Code text placed in the left column and the corresponding Commentary text aligned in the right column. Commentary section numbers are preceded by an “R” to further distinguish them from Code section numbers. The two documents are bound together solely for the user’s convenience. Each document carries a separate enforceable and distinct copyright. 4 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-14) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-14) INTRODUCTION This Commentary discusses some of the considerations of use in settling disputes between the owner, engineer, archi- Committee 318 in developing the provisions contained in tect, contractor, or their agents, subcontractors, material “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI suppliers, or testing agencies. Therefore, the Code cannot 318-14),” hereinafter called the Code or the 2014 Code. define the contract responsibility of each of the parties in Emphasis is given to the explanation of new or revised usual construction. General references requiring compli- provisions that may be unfamiliar to Code users. In addition, ance with the Code in the project specifications should be comments are included for some items contained in previous avoided since the contractor is rarely in a position to accept editions of the Code to make the present commentary inde- responsibility for design details or construction require- pendent of the previous editions. Comments on specific ments that depend on a detailed knowledge of the design. provisions are made under the corresponding chapter and Design-build construction contractors, however, typically section numbers of the Code. combine the design and construction responsibility. Gener- The Commentary is not intended to provide a complete ally, the contract documents should contain all of the neces- historical background concerning the development of the sary requirements to ensure compliance with the Code. In Code, nor is it intended to provide a detailed résumé of the part, this can be accomplished by reference to specific Code studies and research data reviewed by the committee in sections in the project specifications. Other ACI publica- formulating the provisions of the Code. However, references tions, such as “Specifications for Structural Concrete (ACI to some of the research data are provided for those who wish 301)” are written specifically for use as contract documents to study the background material in depth. for construction. As the name implies, “Building Code Requirements for It is recommended to have testing and certification Structural Concrete” is meant to be used as part of a legally programs for the individual parties involved with the execu- adopted building code and as such must differ in form and tion of work performed in accordance with this Code. Avail- substance from documents that provide detailed specifica- able for this purpose are the plant certification programs of the tions, recommended practice, complete design procedures, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, the Post-Tensioning or design aids. Institute, and the National Ready Mixed Concrete Associa- The Code is intended to cover all buildings of the usual tion; the personnel certification programs of the American types, both large and small. Requirements more stringent Concrete Institute and the Post-Tensioning Institute; and the than the Code provisions may be desirable for unusual Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute’s Voluntary Certifica- construction. The Code and Commentary cannot replace tion Program for Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating Applicator sound engineering knowledge, experience, and judgment. Plants. In addition, “Standard Specification for Agencies A building code states only the minimum requirements Engaged in Construction Inspecting and/or Testing” (ASTM necessary to provide for public health and safety. The Code E329-09) specifies performance requirements for inspection is based on this principle. For any structure, the owner or and testing agencies. the licensed design professional may require the quality of materials and construction to be higher than the minimum Design reference materials illustrating applications of the requirements necessary to protect the public as stated in the Code requirements may be found in the following docu- Code. However, lower standards are not permitted. ments. The design aids listed may be obtained from the The Commentary directs attention to other documents sponsoring organization. that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements Design aids: and intent of the Code. However, those documents and the “ACI Design Handbook,” Publication SP-17(11), Amer- Commentary are not a part of the Code. ican Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 539 pp. The Code has no legal status unless it is adopted by the (This provides tables and charts for design of eccentrically government bodies having the police power to regulate loaded columns by the Strength Design Method of the 2009 building design and construction. Where the Code has not Code. Provides design aids for use in the engineering design been adopted, it may serve as a reference to good practice and analysis of reinforced concrete slab systems carrying even though it has no legal status. loads by two-way action. Design aids are also provided The Code provides a means of establishing minimum for the selection of slab thickness and for reinforcement standards for acceptance of designs and construction by required to control deformation and assure adequate shear legally appointed building officials or their designated repre- and flexural strengths.) sentatives. The Code and Commentary are not intended for For a history of the ACI Building Code, see Kerekes, F., and Reid, H. B., Jr., “Fifty Years of Development in Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Journal, V. 50, No. 6, Feb. 1954, p. 441. For a discussion of code philosophy, see Siess, C. P., “Research, Building Codes, and Engineering Practice,” ACI Journal, V. 56, No. 5, May 1960, p. 1105. BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-14) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-14) 5 “ACI Detailing Manual—2004,” ACI Committee 315, and welded splices are described. Design data are presented Publication SP-66(04), American Concrete Institute, Farm- for development and lap splicing of reinforcement.) ington Hills, MI, 2004, 212 pp. (Includes the standard, ACI “Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement Manual of 315-99, and report, ACI 315R-04. Provides recommended Standard Practice,” Wire Reinforcement Institute, Hart- methods and standards for preparing engineering drawings, ford, CT, eighth edition, Apr. 2010, 35 pp. (This describes typical details, and drawings placing reinforcing steel in rein- welded wire reinforcement material, gives nomenclature and forced concrete structures. Separate sections define respon- wire size and weight tables. Lists specifications and prop- sibilities of both engineer and reinforcing bar detailer.) erties and manufacturing limitations. Book has latest code “Guide to Durable Concrete (ACI 201.2R-08),” ACI requirements as code affects welded wire. Also gives devel- Committee 201, American Concrete Institute, Farmington opment length and splice length tables. Manual contains Hills, MI, 2008, 49 pp. (This describes specific types of customary units and soft metric units.) concrete deterioration. It contains a discussion of the mech- “Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement Detailing anisms involved in deterioration and the recommended Manual,” Wire Reinforcement Institute, Hartford, CT, requirements for individual components of the concrete, 1994, 252 pp. (The manual, in addition to including ACI 318 quality considerations for concrete mixtures, construction provisions and design aids, also includes: detailing guid- procedures, and influences of the exposure environment.) ance on welded wire reinforcement in one-way and two-way “Guide for the Design and Construction of Durable slabs; precast/prestressed concrete components; columns Parking Structures (362.1R-12),” ACI Committee 362, and beams; cast-in-place walls; and slabs-on-ground. In American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2012, addition, there are tables to compare areas and spacings of 24 pp. (This summarizes practical information regarding high-strength welded wire with conventional reinforcing.) design of parking structures for durability. It also includes “PCI Design Handbook—Precast and Prestressed information about design issues related to parking structure Concrete,” Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, construction and maintenance.) IL, seventh edition, 2010, 804 pp. (This provides load tables “CRSI Handbook,” Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, for common industry products, and procedures for design Schaumburg, IL, tenth edition, 2008, 777 pp. (This provides and analysis of precast and prestressed elements and struc- tabulated designs for structural elements and slab systems. tures composed of these elements. Provides design aids and Design examples are provided to show the basis and use examples.) of the load tables. Tabulated designs are given for beams; “Design and Typical Details of Connections for Precast square, round, and rectangular columns; one-way slabs; and and Prestressed Concrete,” Precast/Prestressed Concrete one-way joist construction. The design tables for two-way Institute, Chicago, IL, second edition, 1988, 270 pp. (This slab systems include flat plates, flat slabs, and waffle slabs. updates available information on design of connections for The chapters on foundations provide design tables for square both structural and architectural products, and presents a full footings, pile caps, drilled piers (caissons), and cantilevered spectrum of typical details. This provides design aids and retaining walls. Other design aids are presented for crack examples.) control and development of reinforcement and lap splices.) “Post-Tensioning Manual,” Post-Tensioning Insti- “Reinforcement Anchorages and Splices,” Concrete tute, Farmington Hills, MI, sixth edition, 2006, 354 pp. Reinforcing Steel Institute, Schaumburg, IL, fifth edition, (This provides comprehensive coverage of post-tensioning 2008, 100 pp. (This provides accepted practices in splicing systems, specifications, design aids, and construction reinforcement. The use of lap splices, mechanical splices, concepts.) 6 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-14) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-14) TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 6 GENERAL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1.1—Scope of ACI 318, p. 9 6.1—Scope, p. 63 1.2—General, p. 9 6.2—General, p. 63 1.3—Purpose, p. 10 6.3—Modeling assumptions, p. 68 1.4—Applicability, p. 10 6.4—Arrangement of live load, p. 69 1.5—Interpretation, p. 11 6.5—Simplified method of analysis for nonprestressed 1.6—Building official, p. 12 continuous beams and one-way slabs, p. 70 1.7—Licensed design professional, p. 13 6.6—First-order analysis, p. 71 1.8—Construction documents and design records, p. 13 6.7—Elastic second-order analysis, p. 79 1.9—Testing and inspection, p. 13 6.8—Inelastic second-order analysis, p. 81 1.10—Approval of special systems of design, construction, 6.9—Acceptability of finite element analysis, p. 81 or alternative construction materials, p. 13 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 2 ONE-WAY SLABS NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY 7.1—Scope, p. 83 2.1—Scope, p. 15 7.2—General, p. 83 2.2—Notation, p. 15 7.3—Design limits, p. 83 2.3—Terminology, p. 30 7.4—Required strength, p. 85 7.5—Design strength, p. 85 CHAPTER 3 7.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 86 REFERENCED STANDARDS 7.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 88 3.1—Scope, p. 45 3.2—Referenced standards, p. 45 CHAPTER 8 TWO-WAY SLABS CHAPTER 4 8.1—Scope, p. 93 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 8.2—General, p. 93 4.1—Scope, p. 49 8.3—Design limits, p. 94 4.2—Materials, p. 49 8.4—Required strength, p. 97 4.3—Design loads, p. 49 8.5—Design strength, p. 102 4.4—Structural system and load paths, p. 49 8.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 103 4.5—Structural analysis, p. 52 8.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 106 4.6—Strength, p. 52 8.8—Nonprestressed two-way joist systems, p. 117 4.7—Serviceability, p. 53 8.9—Lift-slab construction, p. 118 4.8—Durability, p. 53 8.10—Direct design method, p. 118 4.9—Sustainability, p. 53 8.11—Equivalent frame method, p. 124 4.10—Structural integrity, p. 54 4.11—Fire resistance, p. 54 CHAPTER 9 4.12—Requirements for specific types of construction, BEAMS p. 54 9.1—Scope, p. 129 4.13—Construction and inspection, p. 56 9.2—General, p. 129 4.14—Strength evaluation of existing structures, p. 56 9.3—Design limits, p. 130 9.4—Required strength, p. 132 CHAPTER 5 9.5—Design strength, p. 134 LOADS 9.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 136 5.1—Scope, p. 57 9.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 140 5.2—General, p. 57 9.8—Nonprestressed one-way joist systems, p. 149 5.3—Load factors and combinations, p. 58 9.9—Deep beams, p. 151 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-14) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-14) 7 CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 16 COLUMNS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN MEMBERS 10.1—Scope, p. 153 16.1—Scope, p. 205 10.2—General, p. 153 16.2—Connections of precast members, p. 205 10.3—Design limits, p. 153 16.3—Connections to foundations, p. 209 10.4—Required strength, p. 154 16.4—Horizontal shear transfer in composite concrete 10.5—Design strength, p. 155 flexural members, p. 212 10.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 156 16.5—Brackets and corbels, p. 214 10.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 157 CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 11 ANCHORING TO CONCRETE WALLS 17.1—Scope, p. 221 11.1—Scope, p. 163 17.2—General, p. 222 11.2—General, p. 163 17.3—General requirements for strength of anchors, p. 228 11.3—Design limits, p. 164 17.4—Design requirements for tensile loading, p. 234 11.4—Required strength, p. 164 17.5—Design requirements for shear loading, p. 247 11.5—Design strength, p. 165 17.6—Interaction of tensile and shear forces, p. 258 11.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 168 17.7—Required edge distances, spacings, and thicknesses 11.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 169 to preclude splitting failure, p. 258 11.8—Alternative method for out-of-plane slender wall 17.8—Installation and inspection of anchors, p. 260 analysis, p. 171 CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 12 EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES DIAPHRAGMS 18.1—Scope, p. 263 12.1—Scope, p. 173 18.2—General, p. 263 12.2—General, p. 173 18.3—Ordinary moment frames, p. 269 12.3—Design limits, p. 175 18.4—Intermediate moment frames, p. 269 12.4—Required strength, p. 175 18.5—Intermediate precast structural walls, p. 274 12.5—Design strength, p. 178 18.6—Beams of special moment frames, p. 275 12.6—Reinforcement limits, p. 185 18.7—Columns of special moment frames, p. 280 12.7—Reinforcement detailing, p. 185 18.8—Joints of special moment frames, p. 285 18.9—Special moment frames constructed using precast CHAPTER 13 concrete, p. 289 FOUNDATIONS 18.10—Special structural walls, p. 292 13.1—Scope, p. 187 18.11—Special structural walls constructed using precast 13.2—General, p. 189 concrete, p. 304 13.3—Shallow foundations, p. 192 18.12—Diaphragms and trusses, p. 304 13.4—Deep foundations, p. 193 18.13—Foundations, p. 310 18.14—Members not designated as part of the seismic- CHAPTER 14 force-resisting system, p. 312 PLAIN CONCRETE 14.1—Scope, p. 195 CHAPTER 19 14.2—General, p. 196 CONCRETE: DESIGN AND DURABILITY 14.3—Design limits, p. 196 REQUIREMENTS 14.4—Required strength, p. 198 19.1—Scope, p. 315 14.5—Design strength, p. 199 19.2—Concrete design properties, p. 315 14.6—Reinforcement detailing, p. 202 19.3—Concrete durability requirements, p. 316 19.4—Grout durability requirements, p. 324 CHAPTER 15 BEAM-COLUMN AND SLAB-COLUMN JOINTS 15.1—Scope, p. 203 15.2—General, p. 203 15.3—Transfer of column axial force through the floor system, p. 203 15.4—Detailing of joints, p. 204 8 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-14) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-14) CHAPTER 20 CHAPTER 25 STEEL REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES, REINFORCEMENT DETAILS DURABILITY, AND EMBEDMENTS 25.1—Scope, p. 411 20.1—Scope, p. 325 25.2—Minimum spacing of reinforcement, p. 411 20.2—Nonprestressed bars and wires, p. 325 25.3—Standard hooks, seismic hooks, crossties, and 20.3—Prestressing strands, wires, and bars, p. 330 minimum inside bend diameters, p. 412 20.4—Structural steel, pipe, and tubing for composite 25.4—Development of reinforcement, p. 414 columns, p. 333 25.5—Splices, p. 428 20.5—Headed shear stud reinforcement, p. 334 25.6—Bundled reinforcement, p. 433 20.6—Provisions for durability of steel reinforcement, 25.7—Transverse reinforcement, p. 434 p. 334 25.8—Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers, p. 443 20.7—Embedments, p. 339 25.9—Anchorage zones for post-tensioned tendons, p. 443 CHAPTER 21 CHAPTER 26 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS AND 21.1—Scope, p. 341 INSPECTION 21.2—Strength reduction factors for structural concrete 26.1—Scope, p. 453 members and connections, p. 341 26.2—Design criteria, p. 455 26.3—Member information, p. 455 CHAPTER 22 26.4—Concrete materials and mixture requirements, p. 455 SECTIONAL STRENGTH 26.5—Concrete production and construction, p. 462 22.1—Scope, p. 347 26.6—Reinforcement materials and construction 22.2—Design assumptions for moment and axial strength, requirements, p. 468 p. 347 26.7—Anchoring to concrete, p. 472 22.3—Flexural strength, p. 349 26.8—Embedments, p. 473 22.4—Axial strength or combined flexural and axial 26.9—Additional requirements for precast concrete, p. 473 strength, p. 350 26.10—Additional requirements for prestressed concrete, 22.5—One-way shear strength, p. 351 p. 474 22.6—Two-way shear strength, p. 360 26.11—Formwork, p. 476 22.7—Torsional strength, p. 371 26.12—Concrete evaluation and acceptance, p. 478 22.8—Bearing, p. 378 26.13—Inspection, p. 483 22.9—Shear friction, p. 380 CHAPTER 27 CHAPTER 23 STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS STRUCTURES 23.1—Scope, p. 385 27.1—Scope, p. 487 23.2—General, p. 386 27.2—General, p. 487 23.3—Design strength, p. 392 27.3—Analytical strength evaluation, p. 488 23.4—Strength of struts, p. 392 27.4—Strength evaluation by load test, p. 489 23.5—Reinforcement crossing bottle-shaped struts, p. 394 27.5—Reduced load rating, p. 492 23.6—Strut reinforcement detailing, p. 395 23.7—Strength of ties, p. 395 COMMENTARY REFERENCES 23.8—Tie reinforcement detailing, p. 396 23.9—Strength of nodal zones, p. 397 APPENDIX A STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION CHAPTER 24 SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS APPENDIX B 24.1—Scope, p. 399 EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-METRIC, 24.2—Deflections due to service-level gravity loads, p. 399 MKS-METRIC, AND U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS OF 24.3—Distribution of flexural reinforcement in one-way NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN THE CODE slabs and beams, p. 403 24.4—Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, p. 405 INDEX 24.5—Permissible stresses in prestressed concrete flexural members, p. 407